Holy Roman Empire

Establishment of the Republic

• Rome nobility- last Etruscan king in 509 B.C.E. 
• Republican constitution- Two consuls

Expansion of the republic

• Rome consolidated its position in Italy, fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E.

INTEGRATION of Empire

• Roman law--tradition: twelve tables (450 B.C.E.)
• Pax romana,Roman Peace, for two and a half centuries

Greek PHILOSOPHY

• Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.) persuasive orator and writer on Stoicism
• Stoicism appealed to Roman Intellects 

Uprising

• Spartacus's uprising in 73 B.C.E.
• Urban slaves saw better conditions at the time

Seize of rome

• In 49 B.C.E., Julius Caesar seized Rome
• He claimed "dictator for life" in 46 B.C.E
• Assassinated in 46 B.C.E.

Civil COnflict

• Senate bestowed title "Augustus", 27 B.C.E.
• Octavius created a new standing army under his control