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Emphysema

Published on Jul 27, 2016

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Emphysema

A Largely Preventable Disease
Photo by kevin dooley

What is it?

  • It's a disease of the alveoli
  • Alveoli are the small air sacs in the lungs
  • This is where carbon dioxide is exchanged for life giving oxygen
  • (Lescher 147; Olde 268-269)
Photo by quinn.anya

Signs/Symptoms

  • Having a barrel chest
  • The chest is enlarged so more air can get in (inspiration)
  • People breath rapidly, and shallowly (tachypnea)
  • (Lescher 147; Olde 268-269)
Photo by dennisyu68

Signs/Symptoms cont'd

  • People also hyperventilate:
  • They breath rapidly and deeply
  • This leads to an abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood
  • (Lescher 147; American Lung)
Photo by kuyman

Signs/Symptoms cont'd

  • People also hyperventilate:
  • They breath rapidly and deeply
  • This leads to an abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood
  • (Lescher 147; American Lung)
Photo by kuyman

Signs/Symtoms cont'd

  • Initially, people don't:
  • Have a cough, or spit up mucus
  • There isn't a bronchial obstruction, or inflammation (Lescher 147)
  • This can change over time (American Lung)

Smoking

  • The Main Cause of Emphysema
  • (Lescher 147, American Lung)
Photo by kakeyzz----

Incidence

  • 3.8 Billion people in the US have emphysema
  • 94% are over 45
  • More women than men have the disease
  • 2 Billion women vs. 1.8 Billion men
  • (Lescher 147)
Photo by Natasha d.H

Genetics can contribute

  • You can have a congenital lung deficiency
  • There is a protective lung protein that's missing
  • (The protein is Alpha 1-an-trypsin [ATT])
  • Problems show up after you're 32
  • (Lescher 147; Alpha-1)

Is it COPD?

  • YES!
  • COPD is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • (Lescher 147; American Lung)
Photo by CJ Sorg

COPD

  • 3 Progressive Lung Diseases:
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • Refractory (non-reversible) Asthma
  • (Lescher 147; American Lung)
Photo by hujanen53

Untitled Slide

  • Not everyone who smokes gets Emphysema
  • Smoking just makes it more likely you will get a lung disease
  • People can have multiple lung ailments
  • For example: People can have both Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
  • (American Lung)
Photo by jmikedimayuga

Early Stage

  • People may be short of breath - but only when they're active (Lescher 147)
  • Best thing: Stop smoking (American Lung; Olde 270)
  • Health plans help pay for patients to stop smoking
  • (smoking cessation programs)

Early Stage Treatment

  • People can take medications:
  • Bronchiodilators
  • (these allow more air to flow into the lungs)
  • Steroids - in aerosol sprays
  • (these help with shortness of breath)
  • (American Lung)
Photo by me'nthedogs

Later Stage

  • There's no cure
  • People are short of breath (dyspnea) all the time
  • The walls of the alveoli have been destroyed
  • Lung elasticity has been lost (American Lung; Olde 270)

Later Stage cont'd

  • People have trouble breathing:
  • The lungs can't expand or contract
  • There's less area in the lungs for gaseous exchange
  • (i.e., exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen)
  • (American Lung)
Photo by liverpoolhls

Later Stage cont'd

  • Air can't be expelled from lungs (can't push air out)
  • Fresh air can't get into lungs
  • People have a high risk of getting infections, like:
  • the flu, pneumonia, etc.
  • (American Lung; Olde 269)

Advanced Emphysema

  • Requires oxygen therapy
  • Need to use a portable oxygen tank all the time
  • May need surgery
  • (American Lung)
Photo by rick

Surgery Options

  • Lung volume reduction
  • (a small section of the damaged lung tissue is removed)
  • Lung transplant
  • (this is rare - it is performed when all else has failed)
  • Challenge: Must find a matching donor to provide new lungs (American Lung; American Thoracic; Innes)
Photo by phalinn

Adjunct to Surgery

  • Pulmonary Rehabilitation
  • It helps patients prepare for surgery
  • It makes it easier for people to recover following surgery
  • Goal:
  • Restore patients to their highest level of independent function
  • (American Lung; American Thoracic)

Pulmonary Rehab - What is it?

  • It's a combination of upper and lower extremity exercises
  • There's an education component
  • There's also psychosocial support
  • (American Lung; American Thoracic)
Photo by garryknight

With Moderate Exercise:

  • People have more energy
  • They're able to breath easier
  • People have greater cardiovascular fitness
  • They tend to be less anxious, and cope with stress better
  • (American Lung; American Thoracic)

Results from Rehab

  • People become more physically active
  • They learn more about their disease
  • People learn about treatment options
  • They learn how to cope with their disease
  • (American Lung; American Thoracic)

A Procedure being Tested

  • The Zephyr Endobronchial Valve
  • A small plastic part is inserted into the lung
  • This closes off areas of damaged lung
  • (Webster)
Photo by nan palmero

Zephyr Edobronchial Valve cont'd

  • Surgery takes only 30 minutes
  • Patients can live without supplemental oxygen
  • It's approved for use in Europe
  • Trials are taking place in the U.S. (Webster)
Photo by CAGATOTA

Bibliography

  • Alpha-1 Foundation. n.d. Web. 26 May 2016.
  • American Lung Association. n.d. Web. 26 May 2016.
  • American Thoracic Society. n.d. Web. 26 May 2016.
Photo by Jeff Kubina

Bibliography cont'd

  • Innes Y. P. Wan, et. al. "Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction for end-stage emphysema*: report on the first 98 patients." Chest March 2006: 518+. 26 May 2016.
  • Lescher, Penelope J. Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 2011.
Photo by Jeff Kubina

Bibliography cont'd

  • Olde, Teresa G. "Emphysema." The Gale Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Ed. Jacqueline L. Longe. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2013. 268-271. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 May 2016.
  • Webster, Richard A. "New Orleans CityBusiness." 7 February 2005. New Orleans CityBusiness. The Dolan Media Holding Company. Web. 26 May 2016.
Photo by Jeff Kubina