PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Write a summary and analysis of instructional technology that defines Instructional Design & Technology (ID&T).
Nataliya Fletcher
Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of process and resources for learning (Seels & Richey, 1994).
Instructional technology includes practical techniques of instructional delivery that systematically aim for effective learning, whether or not they involve use of media. It is a basic purpose of the field of instructional technology to promote and aid the application of these known and validated procedures in the design and delivery of instruction (Gagne, 2013).
Instructional technology is not only the use of hardware, computers, and other technological developments, but also incorporates instructional design which contains analysis, design, development, evaluation, and implementation.
And instructional design theory is theory that offer explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop. The kind of learning and development may include cognitive, emotional, social, physical and spiritual… There are two major aspects of any instructional situations: the condition under which the instruction will take place and the desired outcome of the instructions (Guastafson & Branch 2002).
Instructional design is “the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning” (Reiser, 2002).
There are a few models described below that are used in instructional design.
ADDIE model:
A-Analyze what is the instructional goal, the type of audience, and what resources are required.
D-Design the learning solution which aligns with objectives and learning goals.
D-Develop and generate learning resources, review drafts, and test them.
I-Implement by preparing the learning space and engage learners.
E-Evaluate the learning process and accomplishment of learning goals.
The ADDIE model is designed for instructor-led lessons and training. This model is suitable for novices and experienced instructional creators.
Advantages:
ADDIE is one model which is commonly used and acknowledged. This model is used as the foundation for other models. This model can be used in different industries and in various instructional environments. In ADDIE model can add additional goals and can be adaptable for evaluations.
Disadvantages:
The ADDIE model is typically a linear process, and each stage needs to be finished, before moving to the next stage. This model can be expensive because of changes that need to be done which are time-consuming.
SAM model:
The SAM-Successive Approximation Model is a model which was designed and used for distance learning. This model is more focused on learners’ engagement, experiences, and learner’s motivation than on the organization of the content, information presentation, and assessment. The SAM model concentrates on learning engagement and interactive events making them memorable, meaningful, and motivational.
Advantages:
The SAM model allows collaborative work for teams and is flexible in communication.
With better communication this model has integrated changes, responsive nature, saves time and money.
Disadvantages:
The SAM model has a repetitive nature which can lead to more errors. Also, the repetitive nature can waste time and resources.
Pebble-in-the-Pond model: (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018)
The Pebble model focuses primarily on the instructional design phase of the whole instructional development process (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018). The Pebble model is a design rather than development model (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018).
The pebble in the pond model is focused on the task at hand. This is a problem-centered method in which the teaching and learning activities are implanted in the context rather than a teaching skill to use and solve the problem. The Pebble in the pond model targets logical thinkers to work step-by-step through problems and find the right solution. Learners see an actual task or problem-solving demonstration which is effortlessly understood by learners rather than a conceptual statement of learning goals which describes the task.
Advantages:
The model is simple to use.
Learners are able to demonstrate and use component skills.
Learners are able to attain knowledge by the use of real-world examples.
The model offers an efficient and effective design.
Disadvantages:
This process is time-consuming to design and develop.
Learners who scorn taking responsibility for their learning or those who come up against complex learning can discover this model could be exasperating.
Effective instructional design models need to be sensitive to the different educational contexts and be responsive to complex teaching and learning situations. Instructional design should accommodate emerging theories about intentional learning and the broad array of context in which instructional design begin being applied, such as open online courses, the flipped classroom, online learning environment, and the exponential growth of open educational resources (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018).
References:
1. Gagne, R.M. (2013). Instructional technology: foundations. Routledge.
2. Seels, B.B. & Richey, R. C. (1994). Instructional technology: The definition and domains of the field. Bloomington, IN: Association for Educational Communications and Technology.
3. Guastafson, K. L. & Branch, R. M. (2002). What is instructional design. Trends and issues in instructional design and technology.
4. Reiser, R.A and Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.) (2002). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.
5. Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology. (4th Ed.) Boston: Pearson.
