the 19th century

Moses mendelson

• 10% of German Jews converted to Christianity
• 250000 Jews in Europe converted for economic opportunities

Famous converts

• Benjamin Disraeli
• Heinrich Heine

The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment, The French Revolution, and American Revolution championed the notion of identity without religion
• "The Jews should be denied everything as a nation, but allowed everything as individuals..."
• 1791 - Jews are full citizens in France

Napoleon

• Napoleon convened a "Sanhedrin" of Rabbis to answer tough questions:
• What do Jews think about intermarriage? Do Jews distinguish regarding charging interest? Would Jews fight for France?
• Sanhedrin was a failure. Anti-semites, religious and irreligious all had opitions.

Emancipation

• Only Jews in USA enjoyed full benefits of emancipation.
• Europe still practiced State Sponsored Anti-Semitism

Israel Jacobson

• 1801 - Built a (free) school for Jewish and Christian children
• This early version of Reform Judaism was designed as a way to prevent conversion to Christianity

The hamburg siddur

• 1819 - No mention of Yerushalayim, Mashiach, Israel, Temple etc...

Major Changes

• Denial of Sinai
• Abolishing of Ritual, Shofar, Yarmulka, Talis

Jewish immigrants to the us

• Gimbels, Levis, Lazarus Strauss (Macys), Seers Roebuck
• 1862 - Ulysses S Grant expelled Jews from Tennessee for war profiteering . Revoked by Licoln

jewish haskalah

• Leopold Zunz - Making Judaism more attractive to the non-Jewish world
• Chochmat Israel Movement: Heinrich Gretz, Rabbi Zecharia Frenkel

NAPOLEONIC wars

• How to view Emancipation?
• The Alter Rebbe of Chabad opposed Napoleon vehemently.

the birth of ultra orthodoxy

• Hebrew language is shunned
• Secular studies are outlawed
• Intellectual stifling becomes commonplace

The yeshiva movement

• 1803 - R' Chaim of Volozhin opened the first modern Yeshiva
• Elitist, analytical, demanding
• Solidified Jewish academia and intellectualism

yeshivos in lithuania

• Slabodka
• Mir
• Telz
• Novardok

changes in orthodoxy

• Chasam Sofer of Presburg: חדש אסור מהתורה
• Rabbi Samson Rafael Hirsch: The 19 Letters
• תורה עם דרך ארץ

New commentary

• Explaining the Unity of Oral and Written Torah
• Netziv, Malbim, Rav Hirsch, Ktav V'Kabalah
• Answering Biblical Criticism's claims

The Mussar Movement

• Rav Yisrael of Salant
• Ethical Perfection as the goal of Judaism
• Transforming character development into a field a study
• Musar Yeshivos are set up around Europe
• Faced severe opposition

New Wisdoms

• "In the sixth century of sixth millennium The gates of wisdom above and the wellsprings of wisdom below will be opened..."
• Zohar vol I.
• Freud, Marx, Zionism, Chassidus

zionism

• Many maskilim were disheartened by the lack of enthusiasm from the non-Jewish world, and turned to Zionism as the new movement

Zionism

• 1862 - R' Tzvi Hirsch Kalisher: "Are we inferior to the Italians that we should not claim our own homeland...?"
• Moses Hess: Rome and Jerusalem
• Leon Pinsker 1881 - Auto-Emancipation, "Warning to His Fellow People, from a Russian Jew"

Return to israel

• The Rothchild Family
• 60 Million Dollars by Baron Rothchild
• Moses Montefiore: Mishkenot Shaananim, Yemin Moshe

Moses Montefiore

• 1840 - Damascus blood libel - Dozens of Jewish children were kidnapped. Martin van Buren protested for release
• 1858 - An Italian child was kidnapped after being baptized by the maid, grew up to be a priest

eastern europe

• No enlightenment
• Konstantin Pobedonostsev: One third conversion, one third expulsion, one third starvation
• Nikolas I's Cantontist decrees: age 12 to age 35
• Censorship and banning study

Chassidism

• Spread throughout Eastern Europe as a source of community and mystical hope
• Reinvigorated stale Jewish practices by infusing song, dance and meaning
• Responded tangentially to Haskala

Anti-semitism

• "League of Anti-Semites" in 1879 in Germany
• 1881 - Pogroms in Russia
• 2.5 Million Eastern European Jews arrive in USA in the next 40 years

herzl

• Originally endorsed converting to Christianity, but soon realized that Jews would never be accepted
• Dreifus Trial 1896 was a turning point - He was tried again, and convicted again!
• He was tried again, and convicted again!
• 1897 - First Zionist Conference in Basil