People & Technology
Published on Nov 20, 2015
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People & Technology
From the early 1700s to the late 1800s, new resourceful objects and tools were used to make life easier in Western Europe for workers and everyone in general. These new technology helped mill workers by increasing the cotton production, helped the Committee of Public Safety by having an easy way of executing thousands of people, and helped farmers by making their job easier when planting seeds. Inventors of all jobs created those new machinery to make life easier and to do things quicker and more organized.
Seed Drill
During the agriculture revolution in England, an English agriculturist and inventor constructed the first seed drill. This machinery helped farmers all around the country by planting seeds and making nice and neat organized rows to know where the plants where planted, instead of hours a day of back-breaking work. Improvements were then made and instead of the machinery being man-powered, farmers attached a horse and wheels to the seed drill so that it would pull seed drill to do the job for them and to make the process smoother. The seed drill consisted of a thick wheel to flattened out the soil, a seed box to hold all the seeds, a seed tube to place the seed in a specific spot, and two fork-like spikes to cover up the seeds. Although this new technology increased lots in productivity, a big amount of jobs that were working on the fields ended because of the seed drill. Tull's seed drill was the first successful farming machine.
"Agricultural machines." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 81-86. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.
VARDI, LIANA. "Agricultural Revolution." Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 24-29. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.
RINGROSE, DANIEL. "Engineers." Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 757-761. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.
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Steam Engine Powered Water Pump
During the 1700s, people began to exploit new sources of power in England. One of the most successful and most used was coal. With its power to burn on forever, it can create steam, which can then lead to great things, like the steam engine powered by coal. This machinery was created by and English inventor named Thomas Newcomen, who was inspired by an earlier model made by another English inventor Thomas Savery, in 1678 . With Newcomen's steam engine, he was able to pump water out of the mines. Although, Newcomen's engine wasn't the most efficient. It took three men to keep it running, used and an excessive amount of coal, and it wasn't the fastest object. Newcomen's first really known and used steam engine let other inventors to improve and rebuild his machine. In 1769, a Scottish engineer, improved Newcomen's engine by changing the motion of water pump. He decided to make it do a full rotation, rather than just an up and down movement that was in Newcomen's pump. However, even though Watt's new and improved steam engine powered water pump was more efficient and better in general, it took him 11 years for people to actually know about his idea and bring him fame, and three more years for its first actual use. Without Newcomen remaking Savery's first steam engine, would have cars, planes or boats today?
"Watt, James." Industrial Revolution Reference Library. Ed. James L. Outman, Matthew May, and Elisabeth M. Outman. Vol. 2: Biographies. Detroit: UXL, 2003. 177-183. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 13 Dec. 2015.
BERG, MAXINE. "Industrial Revolution, First." Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 1146-1156. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 13 Dec. 2015.
"The Revolution Begins: Steam Engines, Railroads, and Steamboats." Industrial Revolution Reference Library. Ed. James L. Outman, Matthew May, and Elisabeth M. Outman. Vol. 1: Almanac. Detroit: UXL, 2003. 33-61. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.
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Guillotine
During the French Revolution, from 1789 to 1799, Western Europeans found a new, easy, quick, and painless way of executing people. It was first introduced in 1792 by the French. It was named the guillotine for the fact that it slices people head off like it's butter. With its angled blade, it is able to make the punishment simple and effortless. Previously, before the guillotine was up to use, other methods of executing chopping people's head with a large ax, or hanging them. However, both of those were painful, especially with the ax. People noticed that it was not always successful on the first attempt, so the one being executed would be in absolute pain, waiting for a second hit, and hanging the person was also very painful when having a tight rope around your neck, choking you to death. So the french constructed the guillotine to avoid screams of pain and agony. In 1793 and 1794, after Louis XVI, Maximilian Robespierre took over as Committee of Public Safety, in charge of fighting people opposed to the French Revolution. This time period was called the Reign of Terror. Robespierre took charge and used the guillotine to kill 40,000 counter revolutionaries and émigrés, French citizens that betrayed France during revolution. When Robespierre got executed by the guillotine, and French Revolution ended in 1799, the guillotine was abolished.
Schrader, Abby M. "Punishment." Encyclopedia of European Social History. Ed. Peter N. Stearns. Vol. 3: Social Structure/Social Protest/Deviance & Crime/Social Problems. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001. 413-427. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.
HANSON, PAUL R. "Reign of Terror." Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 1950-1952. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.
MCPHEE, PETER. "French Revolution." Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 884-899. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.
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