PRESENTATION OUTLINE
There are many Instructional
Design Models available. The Instructional Design models are the framework to develop instructional material. It is a tool which helps instructional designers to furnish and prepare meaningful learning processes.
Models help one to envision the needed training, and break down the designing, training, and materials required into smaller digestible chunks or steps.
Models give a framework of major components which need to be included in the course. The Instructional Design Models give guidelines ensuring that learning or training addresses the learning objectives and ensures that the desired expectations are met. The best model today is the model that works well for an organization (Allen, 2012).
Many instructional design models are available like ADDIE, SAM, ASSURE, UID, Rapid Instructional Design, Dick and Carey, the Kemp design model, and many more. Over the years the ADDIE model has been the most popular and commonly used. All models suggest different approaches, but all of them have the same purpose: to develop training courses that align and address the learning objectives. The choice of model will depend on the type of organization and the way the organization works.
Instructional design scholars have produced models of instructional design/development that describe the process of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) (Brown & Green, 2016).
The core element of the ADDIE model (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018).
Analysis
In this stage, the instructional designer collects information about the organization's expectations and needs, learners' previous knowledge, their learners' characteristics, the learning environment, and which resources can be used.
Design
During this stage, the instructional designer chooses the strategy which needs to be followed, identifies the learning target, and writes learning objectives. Also, the instructional designer will choose the delivery method and identify what media is available and appropriate to be used. Based on available media and the method of delivery, next one can choose the materials needed, such as videos, audio, text, or simulations. In addition, the designer needs to choose the order in which the available materials will be used.
Development
In this stage, the instructional designer develops the course materials. This can include obtaining permission for copyrighted materials or creating audio and video for a specific course. After completion of developing the learning materials, the instructional designer will upload it to a website or available Learning Management System such as Blackboard or Canvas.
Implementation
In this stage the course is released and delivered to the learners. The impact of the course is monitored during this stage.
Evaluation
In this last stage, the instructional designer collaborates with customers to evaluate the effect of the course. This is based on learners' feedback and surveys. This information identifies parts that need improvement in design, implementation, or implementation for the next cycle of the course.
ADDIE is one of the first Instructional Design models. But there are discussions and debates about whether the ADDIE model is effective and appropriate to meet the learner's needs. The ADDIE model was designed for instructor-led training and lessons.
The advantages of the ADDIE model:
The model is commonly known and acknowledged. The ADDIE model can be used in different instructional environments and many industries. The other models use ADDIE as a foundation. This model can be adapted for evaluation, and if needed, an additional goal can be added.
The disadvantages of the ADDIE model:
Since the ADDIE model is a linear process, the first stage needs to be finished before starting another stage. In addition, the changes that need to be done in this model are time-consuming, leading to additional expense.
Reference
Michael W. Allen (2012) Leaving ADDIE for SAM: An Agile Model for Developing the Best Learning Experiences. ASTD Press.
Brown, A. H., and Green, T. D. (2016), The essentials of instructional design: Connecting fundamental principles with process and practice (3rd Ed.) Routledge, NY, NY
Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology. (4th Ed.) Boston: Pearson.
