The Judiciary Act of 1801 was a partisan political attempt by Federalists in Congress and the John Adams administration to pack the Federal courts with Federalists. It was soon overturned by Jeffersonian Republicans.
In the court case Worcester v. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court held in 1832 that the Cherokee Indians Samuel Worcester, a missionary, defied Georgia through peaceful means to protest the state's handling of Cherokee lands. He was arrested several times as a result. With a team of lawyers, Worcester filed a lawsuit against the state that went all the way to the Supreme Court, where he finally won his case. Samuel Worcester constituted a nation holding distinct sovereign powers. Although the decision became the foundation of the principle of tribal sovereignty in the twentieth century, it did not protect the Cherokees from being removed from their ancestral homeland in the Southeast.