2Consistancy of measuring instrument. Iner-rater reliability. Test-retest rliability

 little evidence that DSM is used with high reliability. Whaley - inter-rater reliability correlation  in the diagnosis of 0.11

 Beliefs that are possible. E.g. Clarence isn't good at basketball :'(

1Implausible beliefs relating to delusions. E.g. Mr Quinn can beat me in an arm wreslte...

3one other characteristic is required for a bizarre delusion. inter-rater reliability of .40 when differntiating bizaree from non-bizarre

 Copeland - gave a description of patient: 69% of US and 2% of British psychiatrists diagnosed Schizophrenia

1African & Indian - experience playful/helpful voices. US - voilent/harsh voices.

 non-white patients - fewer symptoms than white patients. Minorities experience less distress - have a better prognosis

 Validity, Gender, Symptom overlap, Comorbidity

 Validity - the extent to which DSM measures what it claims to measure. A diagnosis can't be valid if not reliable.

 Validity - the extent to which DSM measures what it claims to measure. A diagnosis can't be valid if not reliable.

Diagnosis says very little about chances of improvent. 10% show lasting improvement, 30% show relapse.

2occurs when accuracy of diagnosis is influenced by gender. Women percieved as less mentally healthy

2Loring and Powell - 56% of pps described as male were diagnosed. 20% of females were diagnosed.

 Common with schizophrenics. Most patients gave enough symptoms to be diagnosed with at least one other diagnosis.

 Ellison and Ross - people with DID have more schizophrenic symptoms than schizophrenics - challenges validity

 when two or more conditions occur. Buckley - comorbid depression in 50% of patients - creates difficult diagnosis

 Weber - 6million hospital records show patients with schizophrenia have other medical problems e.g. asthma, diabetes.