the 20th century

Zionism

• Herzl's vision animates life and discourse
• Only 2% of the emigrants from Europe went to Israel
• Jewish State vs. Homeland/Refuge

Altneuland

• 1902: Herzl's vision for a Jewish State
• 1903: Embraced the Uganda plan. Faced heavy oposition
• Herzl died in 1904 at the age of 44

Progress

• 1901: JNF is founded
• Eliezer ben Yehuda, arriving in 1880's resurrected the Hebrew language
• 1909: Tel Aviv is established
• 1909: First Kibbutz, Degania is founded

The Kibbutz Movement

• Heavy socialist
• Anti-Jewish
• Separated parents and children
• Kishinev Pogroms brought waves of socialists in the 2nd Aliyah

religious jews

• Some supporters, some onlookers, mostly antagonists
• 1902: Rabbi Yaakov Reines established Mizrachi
• Herzl: "It will always be one of the great curiousities of our era that Rabbi's should pray for Zion and work against it."

Religion vs Zionism

• Religious fear for "isms"
• A new enlightenment?
• Hungarian theological opposition vs. Pragmatic religious opposition
• Both Lithuains and Chassidim were supporters of

Agudath israel

• 1912, Poland: Torah Jewry denounces secular zionism and popularizes Daas Torah
• 1919: Rav Yosef Chaim Zonnenfeld succeeded Rav Shmuel Salant

Torah revolution

• New encyclopedic works: Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, Aruch HaShulchan (HaAtid), Torah Temima
• Sdei Chemed, Ben Ish Chai, Chafetz Chaim - Mishna Berura
• Responsa Literature boomed - Rav Yitzchok Elchonon Spector (d. 1896), Rav Moshe Feinstein (d. 1986), Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (d. 1995)

Rav kook

• 1865 - 1933: Became chief Rabbi of Jaffa, then of Palestine
• Need to be strong in both body and mind

rav soloveitchik

• 1903 - 1993: Balancing the world of European Torah and modernity
• 1941 became a Rosh Yeshiva in YU

Luminaries

• Rav Yitzchak Hutner
• Rav Eliyahu Dessler
• Rav Yeshaya Karelitz
• The Lubavitcher Rebbe

The american century

• Millions of Jews arrived since the 1880's.
• More then 200 shuls in NYC
• Upper East Side vs Lower East Side
• Working on Shabbos, dropping the baggage
• "Shver tsu zain a Yid"

Conservative Judaism

• 1886 Jewish Theological Seminary
• Mechitza, grape juice, riding in a car

orthodox movements

• 1912 National Council of Young Israel: English, Shomer Shabbos
• 1898 Orthodox Union: Many non-mechitza shuls, broke with JTS over Shabbos issues. Began kashrut in 1920.

Jewish industry

• Labor, philanthropy, Holloywood
• Non-Jews no longer want to kill Jews, but now want to marry them

World war I

• Tisha B'av 1914
• New weapons: machine guns, tanks, aircrafts
• Yishuv in Israel nearly colapsed
• Every Yeshiva fled

End of the war

• Kaizer, Czar, Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire all disappeared
• Allenby liberated Jerusalem ended 700 years of Muslim rule
• 1917 Balfour Declaration
• (Weitzman developed acetone for the British bombs)

immigration

• 1920s-1930s saw waves of immigration from the Arab world, both Jews and Arabs
• Jewish immigration was limited by the British
• 1929: Hebron Masacre

ben Gurion

• 1920 Histadrut founded infrastructure: security, medical, trade etc...

Jabotinsky

• 1925: Revisionist Zionist Party. Non socialist
• Father of Israel's right wing political movements

Germany

• WWI left Germany demilitarized
• 1929 stock market crash blamed on the Jews
• Hitler spend 9 months in prison and wrote Mein Kampf

Chancellor

• Jan 30, 1933
• Anti Jewish Neurenberg Laws
• Tested Europes resolve for anti-semitism

Hitler's anti semitism

• 1933: Dachau is established
• Sept 1st 1939 invasion of Poland. Einzatzgrupen
• 1942 - Final Solution

Dwindling jews

• 18 million Jews was reduced to 12 million
• Many more were lost to asimilation
• Yad VaShem has only half the names

Resistance

• Kapos
• Partisans
• Escape
• Non-Jewish saviors
• Bulgaria and Denmark

American awareness

• Refugee board formed in 1944, though news was known since 1942
• Little was done to help
• Rav Aharon Kotler, founder of Lakewood

the holocaust

• American Jewish Identity was heavily based on fighting Anti Semitism
• Orthodoxy began to grow, Reform and Conservative began suffering assimilation and intermarriage

Survivors

• Less than 5 million Jews survived in Europe
• More than 3 million was prisoners to Stalin, being saved only by his death
• Several 100000 came to the US.

Jewish Life in the US

• Survivors were proudly Jewish
• Kosher food, Jewish organizations and Jewish political assertiveness increases
• Holocaust Rememberance and Education takes center stage

Israel before the state

• White papers limited immigration
• Arab violence necessitated the Irgun
• LECHI breaks off during the war years to continue during the war
• 1947 - British tire of the mandate

1948

• Declaration of the Jewish State
• The Fall of Gush Etzion
• The UN vote
• The War of Independence

partition

• UN plan to divide the land is rejected by the Arabs
• Jews accept it with mixed feelings
• Ben Gurion declares the State in May of 1948, against US recomendations

The Status Quo agreement - 1947

• Marriage and divorce would be controlled by the Chief Rabbinate
• Yeshiva boys would not have to fight in the army
• Shabbat would be the day of rest
• Kashrut in all national kitchens
• Autonomy in Education

Armistice agreement

• The origin of the west bank, and green line
• Jerusalem is in Jordan

Rethinking the holocaust

• Israel's pre-emptive strike success changed the balance of power
• Eichman trial made Jews no longer the victim

1964 - the PLO

• The PLO began as a terrorist organization with the goal "liberating Palestine"
• Questionable peace interest
• Name Palestine is Roman

Aliya of Russian Jews

• Communism fell in 1989 and over 1 million came to Israel

Major shifts

• Beis Yaakov begins in the 20's
• Kiruv movement
• Yeshiva movement

Faster than ever

• Motorized vehicles to space travel
• The internet and public discourse
• The one constant is the Divine resilience of the Jewish People.