GEMANY AND ITALIAN HISTORY

1852

• Germany/May 8 -First Schleswig War: Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom signed the London Protocol, guaranteeing the nominal independence of Schleswig and Holstein in personal union with Denmark and ending the war.

1856

• Germany/August- Neanderthal remains were discovered in Neandertal.
• Italy/The Congress of Paris, a peace conference held between Austria, France, Prussia, the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, is held to make peace after the Crimean War.

1860

• Event/Abraham Lincoln is Nominated President.
• Italy/The Expedition of the Thousand takes place, in which volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi set out to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which collapses. The Papal States are reduced to Latium.

1861

• Event- Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as 16th President of the United States of America.
• Italy/March 17- Most of the states of the Italian Peninsula are united under King Victor Emmanuel II of the Savoy dynasty, crowned King of Italy.

1862

• Event- American Civil War: Battle of Antietam: Union forces defeat Confederate troops at Sharpsburg, Maryland, in the bloodiest day in U.S. history.

1864

• Germany/Feb. 1 -Second Schleswig war: Prussia invaded Schleswig.

1866

• Germany/June 14 -Austro-Prussian declared war on Austria.
• Italy/June 20 through August 12- The Third Italian War of Independence, between the Kingdom of Italy and Austrian Empire, occurs, resulting in no true victory by either side.

1867

• Event- African-American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia.

1870

• Germany/July 16 -Franco-Prussian War: France declared war on Prussia.
• Italy/September 20- Following the defeat of Napoleon III in the French-Prussian War, Italian forces occupy Rome, which becomes the new capital of Italy the following year. The Italian Army breaks into the walls of Rome by the breach of Porta Pia.

1871

• Germany/Jan. 18- William was crowned emperor of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.