Violent scenes = more aggressive behaviour. Bjorkqvist, 6y/o - those exposed to violent film displayed physical aggression.

1Huesmann, 557 pps, 6-10 y/o, 329 of them 15 years later - Early TV violence = adult aggression in boys and girls

 Bushman and Huesmann, 431 studies, 264 involved children (long-term), 167 adults (short-term) Media violence = aggression

 Porter and Starcevic - interactive violent games - more influence than media - violent gameplay is rewarded

1Lab experiments -short-term increase in physiological arousal, hostile feelings and aggression after violent games

2Anderson, surveyed 430 children. Children with high exposure to violent fames became more verbally and physically aggressive

1Ferguson & Kilburn - when violent crime is the mewasure of aggression - link between media and aggression becomes almost 0.

2Most studies are American - generalising findings to countries with different media habits is problematic. Also use unrepresentative samples.

3Ferguson, meta-analysis - effects of violent media on aggression dissappears when influences such as family violence and menatl health are removed

1cannot measure 'real-life' aggression - can only measure short-term effects. E.g. noise blasts dont't represent actual aggressive behaviour

 lack of mastery led to aggression in violent and non-violent games