VOLCANOES

WHAT IS A VOLCANO?

• Mountains or hills that'v been created by many layers of lava and ash. They can be extremely dangerous, destructive and unpredictable landforms.

HOW DOES A VOLCANO OCCUR?

• Volcanoes form underground. There are openings and cracks in the earth's crust where volcanoes form. It is so hot underground that a hot, runny liquid called 'magma' spills out, hardening over time, forming a rock.

WHY IS A VOLCANO A NATURAL DISASTER?

• They occur when hot magma, from within the earth's upper mantle, works it's way up to the surface. From there, it erupts, which forms lava flows and ash deposits. Over time, as the volcano erupts, it continues to grow bigger and bigger.
• =this process is not man-made. It is a natural disaster.

The eruption of Mount Pinatubo ( the 2nd largest volcanic cataclysm of 20th century)

WHEREABOUTS OF ERUPTION?

• When: June 15, 1991
• Where: Mount Pinatubo, Phillippenes.

CAUSES OF ERUPTION

• In March 1991, frequent earthquakes shook in the area and on April 2nd, an explosion occurred, opening a line of steaming vents, along the mountain.
• Another cause of the eruption, was that, hot magma was pushing up against the surface, which had stretched the land above, causing the eruption.

WHY IT HAPPENED IN THIS LOCATION...?

• The tectonic plates in Pinatubo are either pulled apart/have come together.
• The seated mantle plumes are also quite deep.
• Eruptions can alter the climate of the earth- the temperature dropped to 0.5 degrees Celsius after the eruption, and had stayed for about two years.

THE AFTERMATH OF THIS DISASTER

HOW DID THE PEOPLE REACT?

• "The fact is that the pace of the activity was just about right for people to act to it." (Hoblitt said) (Livescience.com)
• The eruption caused many deaths and sorrow, causing 2,000 people to leave and sought refuge in government eduction centres.

DID THE GOVERNMENT AND RELIEF PROG. HELP THOSE IN NEED?

• The national response: They provided the 'required emergency relief assistance'.
• Also, the country-level interstate sent shipment of plastic shelter.
• The government hadn't requested any interstate assistance.

WHAT WAS THE SCALE OF DESTRUCTION?

HOW MANY PEOPLE DIED/WERE INJURED?

• The death toll was: 722 people
• No injuries were recorded/found

DESTRUCTION OF HABITAT

• 100,000 homes were destroyed, also leaving significant global environment effects.
• $100 million worth of damage to homes, economy, environment, etc.

MONEY SPENT ON REBUILDING...?

• 150 million US dollars was spent on rebuilding all the damaged areas, caused by the terrifying eruption of Mount Pinatubo

VOLCANOES

REFERENCES

Untitled Slide

• Book: MAPPING EARTHFORMS, Volcanoes by Melanie Waldron
• Web: pubs.usgs.gov
• Web: climate4you.com