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SPINOZA

Published on Nov 19, 2015

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1.

EPISTEMOLOGY

Valeria pérez estrada a01228926 153
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theory of knowledge
(epistemologists)

Epistemologists are also interested in notions closely associated with knowledge, such as justification and rationality.
3.

theory of knowledge
(epistemologists)

Epistemologists are also interested in notions closely associated with knowledge, such as justification and rationality.
4.

propositional knowledge

Knowledge as a proposition.
"The earth is flat"
"2+2=4"
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ability knowledge

Know-how knowledge.
Humans love this type of knowledge.

"I can surf, I can't tell you how, but I can show you."
Photo by James Loesch
6.

Belief

required for knowledge
Prerequisite: one has a belief in the relevant proposition, and that belief must be true.
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We know Alexanderplatz exists, and we know it is in Berlin.
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We also know that Berlin is the capital of Germany.
Therefore, we must believe it to be true.
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BELIEF AIMS TO THE TRUTH.

BUT THAT DOESN'T MEAN THAT EVERYTHING I BELIEVE IS TRUE.
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Bull's eye: truth
arrow: belief
archer: must be skilled to aim to the center, or it can be simple luck.

one can gain mere true belief purely by chance, and yet you cannot gain knowledge purely by chance.
Photo by Rick Bolin
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If a house lacks foundations, then it falls down. The same applies to a belief.
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branches

of epistemology
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infallibilism

knowledge is, by definition, a true belief which cannot be rationally doubted.
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skepticism

Questioning attitude towards unempirical knowledge or opinions and beliefs stated as facts or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted.

"Can humans actually reach true knowledge?" they claim: no.
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coherentism

Belief is only true if that belief is a member of a coherent set.
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foundationalism

beliefs can be justified based on basic or foundational beliefs. Meaning that beliefs which give justificatory support to other beliefs. These basic beliefs are said to be self-justifying, or self-evident.
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Internalism/Externalism

Internalism: view that everything is necessary to provide justification for a belief is immediately available in a person's consciousness without having to resort to external factors.

Externalism: the mind id not the only result of the internal factors but also of what either occurs or exists outside the subject.
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fallibilism

contrary to infallibilism
beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the world, and yet still be justified in holding incorrect beliefs.
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rationalism

the view of reason as the dominant part in the attempt to gain knowledge.

in order to get to true knowledge, you must reason.
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CONTINENTAL RATIONALISM

the group of the way of thinking of several philosophers.
Spinoza, Descartes, Leibniz.

They agreed that experience might provide an inadequate foundation for genuine knowledge, while reasoning had a privilege of accuracy in the attempt to gain knowledge.
21.

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ideas and concepts which we store in order for the world to make sense.
Knowledge may be true even before experience.
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We gain knowledge by reasoning, and in order to get to what appears to be the truth, we must reason the question until we get there.

Reason requires our own logical nature, then the condition is to follow it.
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23.

SPINOZA

EPISTEMOLOGY
I'm gonna present Benedict de Spinoza
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The dutch philosopher Spinoza, was born in 1632 to sephardi portuguese parents.
He was excomulgated by the jewish settlement in Holland.
Funny thing is: he earned his life by polishing optical glass.
Photo by Roel Wijnants
25.

theory

  • geometrical method
  • sub-specie method, or sub specie æternitatis
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Geometrical method

Every conclusion/preposition is a formal deduction on the basis of definitions, axioms, postulates and previously deducted conclusions.
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Sub-specie æternitatis

Each way of knowing is a perspective on one substance.

"From the perspective of the eternal".

We, humans are no free-willing. The only one who has free will is God. We can live without external causes, but God is our internal cause.
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Untitled Slide

29.

PANTEISM

Spinoza believed in panteism
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To Spinoza God is not the christian/catholic god
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neither is allah
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nor Buda, or any other of this gods.
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To Spinoza, God is nature
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in each and every one
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of its forms.
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Good god

Every physical thing exists because they are God's experiences.
Everything that is thought are God's thinkings.
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AM I MYSELF WHEN I THINK SOMETHING?

No. I am the expression of something infinitely bigger than myself.
Also, I can only move within my nature.
God controls the world by nature laws, being him the internal cause, not external.
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main concern

improving the power of intellect.
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types of knowledge

  • opinion/imagination
  • reasoning
  • intuitive
Opinion:
senses, inadequate knowledge, superstition.

Reason:
adequate knowledge, rational.

intuitive:
superior, essence of God.
40.

the secret to obtain knowledge is:

to liberate oneself from the limits and fallibility of an average human, our existence.
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"The human soul has an adequate knowledge of God's eternal and infinite essence"

We can know the reality by lone concepts, regardless of the sensible experience.

Knowing something equals to the understanding of how each of its properties are necessarily followed by its definition. The adequate or complete idea works as criteria.
42.

No universal formed ideas, but propensity to understand them.

Meaning that we are not born knowing ideas, such as goodness, but we are born with the capability of conceive them and understand them.

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