Geography Thebes was never a perfect position from which to rule Egypt. Perhaps that is why Memphis, even when it was not Egypt's capital, was nevertheless an important administrative center. Thebes really gained its importance as a religious center, along with the fact that it was an ideal location for an ancient Egyptian necropolis. The ancient Egyptians considered the west side of the Nile, was where the sun entered the netherworld, and was thus associated with the afterlife. The flat plain on the West Bank of the Nile River at Thebes stretched from the river to a mountain chain with numerous secluded valleys that threaded through tall, soft stone cliffs.
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Memphis was believed to be under the protection of the god Ptah, the patron of craftsmen. Its great temple, Hut-ka-Ptah (meaning "Enclosure of the ka of Ptah"), was one of the most prominent structures in the city. The name of this temple, rendered in Greek as A委 纬蠀 蟺蟿o蟼 (Ai-gy-ptos) by the historian Manetho, is believed to be the etymological origin of the modern English name Egypt.
According to legend related by Manetho, the city was founded by the pharaoh Menes. Capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom, it remained an important city throughout ancient Mediterranean history.[2][3][4] It occupied a strategic position at the mouth of the Nile delta, and was home to feverish activity. Its principal port, Peru-nefer, harboured a high density of workshops, factories, and warehouses that distributed food and merchandise throughout the ancient kingdom. During its golden age, Memphis thrived as a regional centre for commerce, trade, and religion.
Directly below the pharaoh was the vizier, or tjaty, running all aspects of Ancient Egypt laws and government on the ruler鈥檚 behalf. The position was very powerful and, like that of king, it passed from father to son. As overseer of all public works, the vizier exercised direct control of the economy, through the collection of taxes in the form of cattle, grain and other material resources and laborers for the pharaohs building projects and army.
Memphis was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt and of the Old Kingdom from its foundation until around 1300 BC. Saqqara and Giza, well known by Egypt travelers, are actually necropolises for the ancient inhabitants of Memphis, and thus important archaeological sites.