PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

WHAT EXACTLY ARE

Short in-text citations placed at the end of a sentence used to refer to the sources from where you received the information used in your essay ("Citations" WWW).

WHY WE USE PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

• To show the reader where your information came from
• Enhances your credibility; that is, if you used reliable sources
• AND MOST IMPORTANTLY!
• Allows the writer to avoid plagiarism

WHEN DO WE USE IT?

• When directly quoting from the source
• When paraphrasing from the source
• When summarizing from the source

CITING YOUR SOURCE(S)

Untitled Slide

• Books
• Websites
• Interviews
• Surveys
• Online Databases

CITING A BOOK

If the quotation continues on to the next page, include both pages separated by a dash in numerical order. Such as
(Davis 5-6).

CITING A QUOTE FROM A PLAY

CITING A WEBSITE

CITING A DATABASE

CITING AN INTERVIEW

CITING A SURVEY

CITING FROM A POEM

WHAT IF THERE IS NO AUTHOR??

• Use one word from the title in quotations, then the type of source
• The word used should best describe the information from the source
• Website example: ("Active" WWW).
• Database example: ("Active" Gale).
• Survey example: ("Active" Survey).

WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS

The last names should be arranged alphabetically.

IF USING SEVERAL QUOTES

(Author's last name Type of source; Author's last name Type of source).
*Remember, last names are arranged alphabetically!

*NOTE: No commas except when listing multiple authors or multiple page numbers!

**NOTE: If you already mentioned the name of the author in your sentence, you only need to cite the page number in parentheses.

Parenthetical citations ALWAYS go at the END of the sentence, regardless of where the quote is placed in the sentence.