INTRODUCTION

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• The human body contains around 100,000 various proteins, and every cell in our body contains protein
• It can also be found in almost all body fluids.
• Humans need protein in their diet in order to help the body repair cells and produce new ones.

FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN

repair and maintenance

• Protein is termed the building block of the body.
• Vital in the maintenance of body tissue, including development and repair.
• Hair, skin, eyes, muscles and organs are all made from protein.
• Children need more protein because they are growing and developing new protein tissue.

energy

• If you consume more protein than you need for body tissue maintenance and other necessary functions, your body will use it for energy.
• When it is not needed due to sufficient intake of other energy sources such as carbohydrates, the protein will be used to create fat and becomes part of fat cells.

hormones

• Insulin, a small protein, is an example of a hormone that regulates blood sugar.
• It involves the interaction of organs such as the pancreas and the liver.
• Secretin assists in the digestive process by stimulating the pancreas and the intestine to create necessary digestive juices.

intake recommendation

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• Babies need about 10 grams a day.
• School-age kids need 19-34 grams a day.
• Teenage boys need up to 52 grams a day.
• Teenage girls need 46 grams a day.
• Adult men need about 56 grams a day and women is 46 grams(71 grams if pregnant)

who benefits from protein?

how it benefits sports performance?

provides energy...

• After about 90 minutes of exercise, muscle glycogen will nearly depleted, and the body will look for alternative fuel sources.
• Your own muscle tissue becomes a target of gluconeogenesis,the synthesis of glucose from the fatty and amino acids of lean muscle tissue.
• Adding protein to your fuel provides amino acids can reduces tissue cannibalization.

repair tissue cells

• Endurance athletes and bodybuilders have similar protein requirements, but the way in which the body uses the protein differs.
• Bodybuilders need protein primarily to increase muscle tissue.
• Endurance athletes need protein primarily to repair existing muscle tissue that is undergoing constant breakdown from day–to–day training.

muscle growth and weight gain

• High volume endurance training does not produce muscle bulk, regardless of protein intake, whereas relatively strength training will.
• Either way, the muscle tissue requires protein.
• You’ve simply got to have more calories going out during exercise to avoid unwanted weight gain.

toxicity of protein

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• Protein toxicity with proteinuria can result in those with preexisting kidney disease.
• An unusual nutritional deficiency where patients consume primarily lean meat.
• This condition is also known as “rabbit starvation".

DEFICIENCIES OF PROTEIN

SIDE EFFECTS

Is it effective for weight loss?

• Some research suggests that it may be because protein causes the brain to receive lower levels of appetite-stimulating, or hunger hormones.

Will it cause cancer?

• Research from the University of Southern California suggests that middle-aged adults who eat a diet high in animal protein are four times more likely to die of cancer than those who consume a low-protein diet
• A high-protein diet especially one loaded with red meat can increase cancer risk.

RECOMMENDATIONS TO OVERCOME DEFICIENCIES AND TOXICITY

OVERCOME DEFICIENCIES

• First is protein supplements. Supplementary nutrition is an addition to food intake, which enhances the dietary intake
• Next is consumption of foods enriched with proteins is essential.Daily protein intake depends on the body’s needs, and it varies from adults, children, and sick people.

overcome toxicity

• Periplasmic expression. Secretion of the target protein to the periplasm allows for the accumulation of proteins that are toxic in the cytoplasm.
• Expression in inclusion bodies.In aggregates the proteins are not toxic for the cell and they can be obtained by in vitro denaturation and refolding.

conclusion