Participles and Ablative Absolute

Participles

• Describes a noun (adjective) by what it was doing, is doing, or will do.
• There are 3 different types.
• Perfect passive, present active, and future active.
• Perfect passive and perfect active participles use the 4th principal part
• Present active participle uses 2nd principal part.

Perfect Passive participal

• Used when it does NOT have a form of "to be".
• Translated as "having been ________ed".
• Describes a noun
• Has a gender.
• Uses 4h principal part and 1st/2nd declension endings.

Perfect passive participle Formation

• All it is is the 4th principal part!
• Depending on the gender of the noun, add on the 1st/2nd declension endings
• Ex) Iussus, -a, -um, meaning "having been ordered".
• Ex) Datus, -a, -um, meaning "having been given".
• Now we will learn how to translate a sentence.

Perfect passive Participle Translation

• Ex) Liberi DOCTI libros legunt.
• The children, HAVING BEEN TAUGHT,are reading books
• The gender,case,and number of the noun and the participle are all the same.

Future Active Participle

• Describes an noun by an action it will do.
• Translated as "about to _________".
• NOT as "about to BE ________ed".
• Has a gender.

Future Active participle Formation

• Take the 4th principal part.
• Take off the "-us" at the end.
• Add "-urus" and appropriate endings.
• What if the 4th principal part already has a "-urus"?
• You cannot add another "-urus", or take out the "-ur" to make it passive.

Future active participle translation

• Ex) Servus AMBULATURUS dicet "Vale".
• The slave, about to walk, says, "Good bye".
• The gender,case,and number of the noun and the participle are all the same.

Present Active Participle

• Describes a noun by an action it is doing currently.
• Translated as "___________ing."
• Has a gender.
• Uses 2nd principal part and 3rd declension endings.

Present active participle formAtion

• Take 2nd principal part.
• Take off "-re".
• Add "-ns, -ntis" (nominative, genitive) and so on.
• For 3rd -io and 4th conjugation verbs:
• Add "-ie" before "-ns, -ntis".

Present active participle Translation

• Ex) Puer CURRENS clamat "Salve!"
• The RUNNING boy shouts, "Hello!"
• The case,gender,and number of the noun and participle are all the same.

Ablative absolute

• A statement including a participle and a noun in the ablative case.
• Usually at the beginning of the sentence.
• Describes the circumstances for the rest of the sentence.
• TRANSLATION WILL NOT START WITH PARTICIPLE OR NOUN.
• The translation will start with "since, while, when, after, or because."

Ablative Absolute Translation

• Ex) VIDENTE Corneliam SEXTO, ad villam currit.
• WHEN SEXTUS SEES Cornelia, he runs to the house.
• The sentence starts with "when", not the ablative statement.
• The participle, VIDENTE, is a present active participle.
• Both VIDENTE and SEXTO are in the ablative case.