🍄🌼PLANTS🌼🍄

• Most are Autotrophs
• Eukaryotes
• Cell walls surround them
• By: Carson Blake Reed

PLANT ADAPTATIONS FOR LAND

• Must Obtain Water from surroundings
• Retain water
• Transport materials in their bodies
• Reproduce
• Obtain Nutrients from surroundings

NONVASCULAR PLANTS

• Three major groups of this type of plant:
• Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
• They're low growing and live in moist areas
• They can absorb water and other nutrients
• Directly from the enviroment

MOSSES

• Nonvascular plant
• Over 10,000 species
• Rhizoids anchor the moss
• Most diverse nonvascular plant

LIVERWORTS

• More than 8,000 species
• Often found growing on moist areas
• They have sporophytes that are too small to see
• Named for its leaf like leaflike gametophyte
• Wort is an old English word that means plant

HORNWORTS

• Fewer than 100 species
• Found on rocks or tree trunks
• Live in moist soil
• The hornlike structures are the sporophytes
• Named for their hornlike structure

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

• Ferns, club mosses, and
• Horsetails have true vascular
• Tissue, and they don't produce
• Seeds. Instead of seeds they
• Produce by releasing spores

FERNS

• Ferns reproduce by spores released from underside of the fonds
• Ferns have a vascular system
• A flowerless plant
• They live in environments that are moist

HORSETAILS

• They are related to ferns.
• They have a vascular system
• The cannot reproduce seeds.

CLUB MOSSES

• They have horizontal branching stems, underground and above
• Plants produce spores in a cone like structure at the end of the stem.
• The spores are shed and germinate in good soil
• One of the oldest living plants still around,

SEED PLANTS

• Two major categories of seed plants are gymnosperms and angiosperms.
• They are vascular plants that bear seeds
• Seed plants are some of the most important organisms on Earth.

VASSCUALR TISSUE: PHLOEM/XYLEM

• Xylem and phloem make up the big transportation system of vascular plants
• The xylem of a plant is the system of tubes and transport cells that circulates water and dissolved minerals
• The phloem cells are laid out end-to-end throughout the entire plant, transporting the sugars and other molecules created by the plant.
• Each needs the other to survive

POLLEN AND SEEDS

• A seed can be considered as the plant itself which is covered by a seed coat
• Seeds are considered as one of the primary modes of reproduction for seed plants
• Pollens are very different from seeds because they are fine and powdery
• pollens are part of the starting phase of the plant reproduction process.

SEED STRUCTURE

• A seed consists of three parts: a Dormant Embryo, a Storage Tissue, and a Seed Coat.
• The outer covering of a seed is called the seed coat. Seed coats help protect the embryo from injury and also from drying out.
• Endosperm, a temporary food supply, is packed around the embryo in the form of special leaves called cotyledons or seed leaves
• Plants are classified based upon the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) in the seed.

SEED DISPERSAL

• Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant.
• Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant individually or collectively
• There are four main modes of seed dispersal: gravity, wind water and by animals
• Plants do not move hence they rely on seed dispersal for multiplication and their growth in different regions.

GERMINATION

• The process by which plants grows from a seedling to new fruit or a flower.
• The most common example of germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm
• Seeds remain dormant or inactive until conditions are right for germination
• Some germinate better in full light while others require darkness to germinate.

ROOTS

• In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil
• Roots make up around one-fourth to one-third of the total dry weight of a plant.
• To function, roots must have adequate levels of soil oxygen roots must grow into new regions of the soil.

STEMS

• The stem is the stalk of a plant or the main trunk of a tree.
• The stem conducts water, minerals, and food to other parts of the plant
• They may also store food, and green stems themselves produce food
• Stems also provide support for the plant allowing the leaves to reach the sunlight that they need to produce food

LEAVES

• Leaves are the food making factories of green plants.
• Leaves come in many different shapes and sizes.
• Leaves are made to catch light and have openings to allow water and air to come and go.
• Leaves are the site of the food making process called photosynthesis.

GYMNOSPERMS

• FIRST PLANTS WITH SEEDS
• any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule
• The name gymnosperm, means naked seed
• Gymnosperms, then, are all fruitless seed plants

EXAMPLES OF GYMNOSPERMS

• cycads
• ginkgo
• yews
• conifers

ANGIOSPERMS

• First plants with flowers
• a vascular system to transport nutrients
• seeds for reproduction that allow your babies to spread out in new areas
• Angiosperms are the largest group of plants on earth

EXAMPLES OF ANGIOSPERMS

• Trees
• Herbs
• submerged aquatics
• bulbs and epiphytes

MONOCOT VS. DICOT

• Flowering plants, or angiosperms, have traditionally been divided between two different classifications
• Monocots have only one seed leaf inside the seed coat. It is often only a thin leaf, because the endosperm to feed the new plant is not inside the seed leaf.
• Dicots have two seed leaves inside the seed coat. They are usually rounded and fat, because they contain the endosperm to feed the embryo plant.
• The big difference that most people note about monocots and dicots is the formation of the plants’ veins on leaves

PLANT TROPISMS: TOUCH , LIGHT, GRAVITY

• The growth responses of plants to their environment a plant's directional growth response to a physical stimulus the growth of plants in response to external stimuli such as light, gravity, or contact,
• phototropism – light plant's response to light
• positive phototropism - turns toward light (stem and leaves)
• negative phototropism - away from light (roots)
• geotropism – gravity plant's response to gravity

Untitled Slide