WHAT IS A PLANT?

PLANT ADAPTATIONS FOR LAND

• They have ways to obtain water
• They have also ways to obtain nutrients
• They retain water, transport materials in their bodies
• They support their bodies and reproduce

NONVASCULAR PLANTS

• Lack a developed system of transport the materials needed
• They are low growing and don't have roots for absorbing water
• They obtain the materials needed directly from their surroundings
• The materials don't travel for very far or very quickly
• Most Nonvascular plants live in damp, shady places

MOSSES

• Mosses are the most diverse group of Nonvascular plants
• The moss is the gametophyte generation of the plant
• They have rhizoids,that anchors the moss and absorb the water and nutrients

LIVERWORTS

• They are often found growing as a thick crust on moist rocks or soil along the sides of a stream
• They are named for the shape of the plant's leaflike gametophyte
• The Liverworts have sporophytes that are too small to see

HORNWORTS

• Hornworts are seldom found on rocks or tree trunks
• Hornworts usually live in moist soil, often mixed with grass plants
• They are named for the slender, curved structures that grow out of the gametophytes
• The hornlike structures are the sporophytes

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

• Seedless vascular plants share two characteristics
• They have true vascular tissue
• They reproduce by releasing spores
• Example:Fern, Club Mosses, and Horsetails

FERNS

• It's frond divides into smaller parts that look like small leaves
• Leaves grow upward from the top side of the stems
• Wind and water can carry the spores to great distances

HORSETAILS

• The stems of horsetails are jointed
• Small leaves grow flat against the stem just above each joint
• Americans back in colonial times use the plants to shrub pots and pans

CLUB MOSSES

• They have true stems, roots, and leaves
• Looks like a small branch of a pine tree

SEED PLANTS

• Seed plants have two important characteristics
• They have vascular tissue
• They use pollen and seeds to reproduce
• Seed plants outnumber seedless plants by 10 to 1

VASCULAR TISSUE: PHLOEM/XYLEM

• There are two types of vascular tissue:Phloem/Xylem
• Phloem is a vascular tissue that food is moving through
• Xylem is a vascular tissue that water and other materials move through

POLLEN AND SEEDS

• Seed plants produce pollen, tiny structures that contains cells that later become sperm cells
• Seeds is a structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering

SEED STRUCTURE

• Embryo is a plant that develops from the zygote, or fertilized egg
• Cotyledons is a seed leaves of the Embryo, also meaning it stores the food
• Seed Coat is the outer cover of a seed, or the skins of a seed

SEED DISPERSAL

• After seeds formed, they usually scatter far from there
• Seeds are dispersed from many ways, one is by the wind blowing it away
• Other means of dispersal is animals and water

GERMINATION

• Germination occurs when the embryo begins to grow again and pushes out of the seed
• Germination begins when the seed absorbs water from the environment
• A seed dispersed far from where their parent plant, means they have a better chance of survival

ROOTS

• Roots anchor a plant in the ground, absorb water and minerals from the soil, and sometimes store food
• There are two types of root systems, fibrous root system and taproot system
• Fibrous root system consists of many similarly sized roots that form a dense, tangled mass
• Taproot system has one long, thick main root, Many smaller roots branch off the main root
• The root cap protects the root from injury from rocks as the root grows through the soil

STEMS

• The stems carries substances between the plant's roots and leaves
• The stem also provides support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun
• Cambium is which divide to produce new phloem and xylem
• Xylem makes up most of the wood and phloem makes up some of the wood

LEAVES

• Leaves capture the sun's energy and carry out the food-making process of photosynthesis
• The surface layers of the leaf have stomata, pores that open and close to control when gases enter and leave the leaf
• The sugar enters the phloem and then leaves throughout the plant
• The process by which water evaporates from a plant's leaves is transpiration
• A way to control water loss is the plants retain the water by closing the stomata

GYMNOSPERMS

• Gymnosperm is a seed plant that provides unclosed seeds
• Many Gymnosperm have needle-like or scalelike leaves
• Gymnosperm have a structure called cones, there are two types of cones male cones and female cones
• There is a female gametophyte called ovule, it is a structure that contains an egg cell

EXAMPLES OF GYMNOSPERMS

• Cycads, grow mainly in tropical and subtropical areas
• Conifers, most Conifers are evergreens, meaning they keep their leaves or needles
• Ginkgoes, only one species "Ginkgo Biloba", it survived by the Chinese and Japanese
• Gnetophytes, live in hot deserts and tropical rain forest

ANGIOSPERMS

• Angiosperm is a group seed plant that are flowering plants
• All Angiosperm share two traits, they produce flowers and produce seeds enclosed in fruits
• Angiosperms live almost everywhere on Earth
• They grow in frozen areas in the Arctic, tropical jungles, barren deserts, and at the ocean's edge
• They come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and colors, also they all have the same function: reproduction

EXAMPLES OF ANGIOSPERMS

• Angiosperm has two major groups: Monocot and Dicot
• Grasses, corn, wheat,rice, and plants like lilies and tulips are Monocot
• Roses, violets, dandelions, oak tree, maple tree, beans, and apples are Dicot

MONOCOT VS DICOT

• Monocot have 1 cotyledon and Dicot have 2 cotyledon
• Monocot have parallel veins and Dicot have branching veins
• Monocot have bundles of vascular tissue scattered throughout stem
• Dicot have bundles of vascular tissue arranged in a ring
• Monocot have 3 flower parts and Dicot have 4 or 5 flower parts

PLANT TROPISMS: TOUCH,LIGHT,GRAVITY

• Tropism is a plant's growth response toward or away from a stimulus
• Touch, light, and gravity are 3 important stimuli to which plants show growth responses, or tropisms
• Plants that shows to react to touch is called thigmotropism, as they grow they coil around any object they touch
• All plants have a response to light is called phototropism, by growing towards the light, a plant receives more energy
• Plants also respond to gravity is called gravitropism,they go downward,stems have negative gravitropism, upward