Preventable Chronic Diseases
Published on Nov 23, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
- The nature of the problem
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Cardiovascular disease is a degenerative disease that affects the heart, brain and blood vessels of the circulatory system.
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- extent of the problem
It is the leading cause of death in Australia and while it is on the decrease, it still makes up for approximately 35% of all deaths.
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- risk factors and protective factors
Protective factors: CVD has a great potential for prevention and early intervention e.g. through education, promotion initiative and living a healthy lifestyle
Risk factors: These include factors such as obesity/high BP/high cholesterol which are all linked to smoking, nutritional habits, and physical activity.
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the sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants
Sociocultural-
Some population groups have a higher chance of developing a CVD such as indigenous Australians who have a very high rate compared to the low rates among the Asian population.
Socioeconomic-
People with a low socioeconomic status tend to have limited health choices related to income such as using exercise facilities and purchasing fresh fruit and vegetables. They also show greater participation in more risky behaviours such as smoking and poor nutrition. Poor education is also linked to CVD as individuals are not educated to make good health choices and have less knowledge about how to access and use health services.
Environmental determinants-
The environment which people live in can impact their likelihood of developing a CVD. This can be due to a lack of access to health information, services and technology as well as higher levels of smoking and obesity. This is a large issue for Indigenous Australians as instead of gaining western health care they seek the advice of elders in their community.
Groups at risk
· Socioeconomically disadvantaged: carries the burden of a lack of education and poor decision making skills about lifestyle factors e.g. nutrition, exercise. Display most risk factors of smoking, obesity and high blood pressure which contribute to CVD
· ATSI’s – Death rates due to CVD are approximately twice the rate of the total Australian population due to lack of access to health care, geographically isolated and are more likely to smoke and drink.
· Males have higher mortality than females as males are more likely to dismiss early warning signs and take part in more risky behaviours e.g. smoking, drinking.
Cancer
Second cause of death in Australia
The Nature Of The Problem
Cancer is a group of many multiple cells that become abnormal and begin to multiply out of control. The cells can then invade and damage tissue around them and spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, causing further damage and eventually death.
Extend Of The Problem
Cancer is is large problem, it is the second most likely cause of death in Australia after CVD. The risk of being diagnosed with any cancer before the age of 85 was 1 in 2 for males and 1 in 3
for females. In 2011, there were 43,221 deaths from cancer in Australia, accounting for 3 in 10 deaths. The risk of dying from cancer was 1 in 4 for males and 1 in 6 for females.
Risk factors and protective factors
Risk factors: Associated with the individual’s lifestyle such as smoking and physical inactivity.
Protective behaviours: A range of protective behaviours individual’s can adopt such as being aware of sun exposure, self breast examination, recognition of symptoms and regular pap smears.
- the sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants
Sociocultural factors influence cancer rate as there is a noticeable higher rate of lung cancer amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Cancer incidence and mortality is highest in the 65 year olds and over and as we live in an aging population this is a great concern for the future. Individuals values and attitudes have an effect especially due to modifiable risk factor behaviours.
Socioeconomic-
Education, employment status and occupation, and income and wealth are reflected in cancer data, which shows that people from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds have notably higher rates of some cancers.
Environmental determinants-
Environmental determinants can often play a large role in the risk of developing cancer. This includes workplace influences, climate and UV exposure as well as exposure to tobacco smoke, which can all lead to an increase risk of developing cancer.
Groups at risk
· Smokers: women and men who are smokers or have high exposure to cigarette smoke have higher rates of cancers associated with smoking e.g. lung cancer and emphysema
· Socioeconomically disadvantaged: face greater risks of developing cancer due to poorer lifestyle choices e.g. nutrition and physical activity. Also make less use of protective services such as breast screening.
· Males over 50 are more susceptible to prostate cancer and women over 55
Diabetes
Third cause of death among australians
The nature of the problem
Diabetes is a metabolic disease that affects pancreas that regulates the production of insulin. Insulin is required for the utilisation of glucose as an energy source. Type 2 diabetes, related to life style factors is more common in adults and is the most problematic in Australian society.
Extent of the problem (trends/how prevalent is it?)
About 1 million Australians had diabetes in 2011–12 (ABS 2013e). About 85% had type 2 (AIHW 2013c).
Unlike the other mortality indicators, the rate of deaths due to diabetes in Australia increased slightly between 1990 and 2009 (18.7 to 20.6 deaths per 100,000 population).
risk factors and protective factors
Protective: This includes monitoring diet by decreasing the level of saturated fats and sugars and making sure a well balanced diet is adopted, moderating alcohol intake, regular physical activity, and regular health checks as they get older.
the sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants
There are significantly higher rates of type 2 diabetes found amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait peoples, who are almost three times more likely to have diabetes than the rest of the Australian population. This may be due to increased participation in health risk factors and lack of access to education and medical care. Social acceptance of alcohol can also increase or decrease the chance of getting diabetes.
Socioeconomic-
In Australia, socio-economically disadvantaged people are less likely to engage in physical activity, are more likely to consume large amounts of alcohol, are more likely to be obese, and, are more likely to have diets high in saturated fats therefore increasing the probability of them obtaining type 2 diabetes.
Environmental determinants-
The environments can also influence the chance of getting diabetes due to the amount of access to areas that promote and encourage participation in physical activity.
Groups at risk
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