PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER

MEDICAL MODE

• Psychological disorders are mental illness can be diagnosed on the
• bias of their symptoms and cured through therapy.
• Disordered behavior arises arises from genetic predispositions and
• physiological status -inner psychological dynamics and social cultural circumstance

DSM-IV

DSM-IV

• (American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and
• Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth editon)
• The system to classify psychological disorders
• According to DSM-IV, there are 400 psychological disorders

DSM-IV

• Contributes to classifying psychological disorders
• Uses diagnostic labels, mental health professionals can do treatment
• therapy more smoothly, and more successfully communicate with people.

ANXIETY DISORDER

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

MOOD DISORDERS

• Major Depressive Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER:

BIPOLAR DISORDER:

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

• Occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more
• and are not caused by drugs or medical condition
• A middle ground disorder between common blue moods
• and Major Depressive Disorder is dysthymic disorder

DYSTHYMIC DISORDER

BIPOLAR DISORDER

• Alternating between mania and hopelessness

MANIC PHASE

• Overtalkative
• Overactive
• Elated
• Little need for sleep
• Speech is loud,hard to interrupt

EXPLAINING MOOD DISORDERS

• Many behavioral & cognitive changes accompany depression
• Depression is widespread
• Women are twice as vulnerable to major depression
• Most major depressive episodes self terminate
• Stressful events often precede depression

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GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

• A person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
• Symptoms:dizziness,sweatingpalms,heartpalpitations,andringinginthe ears.
• 2/3ofpeoplewiththisconditionarewomen.
• Concentration is difficult
• Freud'sterm:anxietyisfree-floating

PANIC DISORDER

• Marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences
• terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
• 1 in 75 people have this disorder.
• Agoraphobia: fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes.
• Peopleavoidelevators,largecrowds,beinghomealone,orbusses.

PHOBIA

OCD

OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

• Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors cross the fine line between
• normality and disorder when they become so persistent that they interfere with
• everyday living and cause the person distress.
• Howard Hughes suffers from OCD (he has a phobia of germs)
• It's extremely rare for a person to recover from OCD, but signs lessen with age

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

PTSD

• An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares
• social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or
• more after a traumatic experience.
• The more frequent and severe the assault experiences are the more adverse the long term outcomes may be

COMMON PEOPLE WITH PTSD

• Combat veterans
• Accident and disaster survivors
• Sexual assault victims

Explaining Anxiety Disorders

FEAR CONDITIONING

• Chapter 8:infants come to fear furry objects associated with frightening noises
• Stimulus generalization-
• Ex.when a person fears heights after a fall and
• later develops a fear of flying in an airplane without ever having flown.
• Reinforcement:helps maintain these fears

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

• Chapter 13:wild monkeys transmit their fear of snakes to their watchful off springs
• One doesn't need direct experience to fear something

THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

• Our phobias focus on dangers faced by our ancestors
• Our compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to
• our species survival
• Ex.Grooming gone wild-hair pulling, washingup-ritual hand washing

GENES

• Identical twins often develop similar phobias (even when raised separately)

PERSONALITY DISORDER

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

• Avoidant personality disorder:a cluster of disorders that express anxiety
• Schizoid personality disorder:cluster that expresses eccentric behaviors such as emotional disengagement
• Histrionic personality disorder:a cluster that exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors
• Narcissistic personality disorder:people exaggerate their own importance, aided by success fantasies; find criticism hard to accept
• Borderline personality disorder:people have an unstable identity,unstable relationships, and unstable impulsive emotions.

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

• Person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing
• May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artists.
• Most people that have this disease are criminals
• These type of people express little regret over violating others' rights

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SCHIZOPHRENIA

GROUP OF SEVERE DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY...

• disorganized and delusional thinking