Renewable vs. NonRenewable
Published on Jan 14, 2020
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Renewable vs. NonRenewable
- Nonrenewable energy resources, like coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas, are available in limited supplies. ... Renewable resources are replenished naturally and over relatively short periods of time. The five major renewable energy resources are solar, wind, water (hydro), biomass, and geothermal.
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Coal
- It takes coal over 300 million years to form
- The four types of coal include peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite, these types can be found in swamps and bogs.
- coal-fired plants produce electricity by burning coal in a boiler to produce steam. The steam produced, under tremendous pressure, flows into a turbine, which spins a generator to create electricity.
- 27% of electricity was powered by coal in 2018
- Some effects of mining coal are the clearing of trees, plants, and topsoil from mining areas destroys forests and natural wildlife habitats. It also promotes soil erosion and flooding, and stirs up dust pollution that can lead to respiratory problems in nearby communities.
- Hazards include emiting a stew of damaging substances, including sulfur dioxide—a major cause of acid rain—and mercury. And they gush as much climate-warming carbon dioxide as America's cars, trucks, buses, and planes combined
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Crude Oil and Petroleum
- Crude oil was formed from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants and is therefore a fossil fuel. Small marine animals and plants that died millions of years ago sunk to the seabed or ocean floor where they decomposed and mixed with the sand and silt.
- After crude oil is removed from the ground, it is sent to a refinery where different parts of the crude oil are separated into useable petroleum products. These petroleum products include gasoline, distillates such as diesel fuel and heating oil, jet fuel, petrochemical feedstocks, waxes, lubricating oils, and asphalt
- Some products made from Petroleum are,Solvents Diesel fuel Motor Oil Bearing Grease Ink Floor Wax Ballpoint Pens
- Crude oil is produced in 32 U.S. states and in U.S. coastal waters.
- Based on their total crude oil production in numbers of barrels, in 2018, the top ten crude oil-producing states in the US are: Texas (1,609,075) North Dakota (461,531) New Mexico (248,958) Oklahoma (200,685) Colorado (177,817)
- 69% of Petroleum is used for transpotation
- 25% of Petroleum is used for industrial.
- 3% of Petroleum is used for residential.
- 2% of Petroleum is used for commercial.
- 1% of Petroleum is used for electrical.
- Texas, California,Florida,New York, and Georgia consume the most Petroleum.
- the 5 most petroleum consuming countries in 2016 and their percentage of world petroleum consumption are, 20.3% United States 13.2% China 4.6% India 4.1% Japan 3.7% Russia
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Natural Gas
- Natural gas is composed mostly of methane, and its chemical formula is CH4.
- Natural gas is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.
- Geologists can correlate the rock units and create an image of what exists and where below the surface to help find natural gas .
- once a site deems promised amount of natural gas that gas is taken away associated natural gas produced from oil wells, the natural gas may be reinjected into the oil-bearing formation, or it may be vented or burned (flared). Reinjecting unmarketable natural gas can help to maintain pressure in oil wells to improve oil production.
- The United States used about 30 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas in 2018, the equivalent of 31 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) and 31% of total U.S. primary energy consumption
- 35% of gas went to the electric power sector uses natural gas to generate electricity.
- 33% of gas goes to the industrial sector uses natural gas as a fuel for process heating, in combined heat and power systems, and as a raw material (feedstock) to produce chemicals, fertilizer, and hydrogen.
- 17% of gas goes to the residential sector uses natural gas to heat buildings and water, to cook, and to dry clothes.
- 12% went to the commercial sector uses natural gas to heat buildings and water, to operate refrigeration and cooling equipment, to cook, to dry clothes, and to provide outdoor lighting.
- 5% of gas goes to the transportation sector uses natural gas as a fuel to operate compressors that move natural gas through pipelines and as a vehicle fuel in the form of compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas.
- Natural gas delivery infrastructure can be grouped into three categories: Processing. Transportation. Storage.
- There are three major types of pipelines along the transportation route: the gathering system, the interstate pipeline system, and the distribution system. The gathering system consists of low pressure, small diameter pipelines that transport raw natural gas from the wellhead to the processing plant.
- There are three main types of underground storage: depleted gas reservoirs, aquifers, and salt caverns. In addition to underground storage, however, natural gas can be stored as liquefied natural gas (LNG).Sep 20, 2013
- Some pros of Natural Gas are Transportation,Its cheaper, and it produces less soot.
- Some cons are,Highly Inflammable,Non-Sustainable,and its hard to uses,
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Solar
- The sun has produced energy for billions of years and is the ultimate source for all of the energy sources and fuels that we use today. People have used the sun's rays for thousands of years for warmth and to dry meat, fruit, and grains. Over time, people developed technologies to collect solar energy for heat and to convert it into electricity.
- We have used Solar energy for Solar ovens, water for use in homes, buildings, or swimming pools The inside of homes, greenhouses, and other buildings Fluids to high temperatures in solar thermal power plants
- Pros of solar energy, Lower your electric bill, Improve the value of your home, Reduce your carbon footprint, Combat rising electricity costs.
- Cons of solar energy, Doesn't work for every roof type, Not ideal if you're about to move, Buying panels can be expensive, Low electricity costs = lower savings.
- As with any type of power plant, large solar power plants can affect the environment near their locations. Clearing land for construction and the placement of the power plant may have long-term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals. Some solar power plants may require water for cleaning solar collectors and concentrators or for cooling turbine generators. Using large volumes of ground water or surface water in some arid locations may affect the ecosystems that depend on these water resources. In addition, the beam of concentrated sunlight a solar power tower creates can kill birds and insects that fly into the beam.
- Solar-powered photovoltaic (PV) panels convert the sun's rays into electricity by exciting electrons in silicon cells using the photons of light from the sun. This electricity can then be used to supply renewable energy to your home or business.
- The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid-connected systems for power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC.
- The history of Solar energy
- 1839: Photovoltaic Effect Is Discovered
- 1873–1876: Selenium’s Photoconductivity Is Discovered
- 1883: First Solar Cell Is Created
- 1887: The Photoelectric Effect Is Observed
- 1953–1956: Silicon Solar Cells Are Produced Commercially
- 1958: Solar Energy Is Used In Space
- 1970s: Research Drives Costs Down
- 1982: The First Solar Parks Are Created
- 1995: Retractable RV Solar Panels Created
- 1994–1999: Photovoltaic Conversion Reaches New Levels
- 2005: DIY Solar Panels Become Popular
- 2015: Flexible Printed Solar Panels Hit the Market
- 2016: Sunless Solar Power Is Discovered
Photo by Trey Ratcliff
Wind Energy
- Wind is caused by air flowing from high pressure to low pressure. The Earth's rotation prevents that flow from being direct, but deflects it side to side, so wind flows around the high and low pressure areas.
- American colonists used windmills to grind grain, to pump water, and to cut wood at sawmills. ... When power lines were built to transmit electricity to rural areas in the 1930s, wind pump and small turbine use began to decline. However, some ranches still use windpumps to supply water for livestock
- By the 11th century, people in the Middle East were using windpumps and windmills extensively for food production. Merchants and the Crusaders brought wind technology to Europe. ... When power lines were built to transmit electricity to rural areas in the 1930s, wind pump and small turbine use began to decline.
- The oil shortages of the 1970s changed the energy environment for the United States and the world. The oil shortages created an interest in developing ways to use alternative energy sources, such as wind energy, to generate electricity.
- In 2018, wind turbines in the United States were the source of about 6.6% of total U.S. utility-scale electricity generation. The amount of electricity generated from wind has grown significantly since 2000.
- China is the world leader in wind energy, with over a third of the world's capacity. It boasts the world's largest onshore windfarm in Gansu Province, which currently has a capacity of 7,965MW, five times larger than its nearest rival.
- When the wind blows past a wind turbine, its blades capture the wind's kinetic energy and rotate, turning it into mechanical energy. This rotation turns an internal shaft connected to a gearbox, which increases the speed of rotation by a factor of 100. That spins a generator that produces electricity.
- In 2018, wind turbines in the United States were the source of about 6.6% of total U.S. utility-scale electricity generation.
- Wind has some positive uses because it is a renewable energy source. Overall, using wind to produce energy has fewer effects on the environment than many other energy sources. Wind turbines do not release emissions that can pollute the air or water (with rare exceptions), and they do not require water for cooling. Wind turbines may also reduce the amount of electricity generation from fossil fuels, which results in lower total air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.
- Wind turbines have some negative effects on the environment Modern wind turbines can be very large machines, and they may visually affect the landscape. A small number of wind turbines have also caught fire, and some have leaked lubricating fluids, but these occurrences are rare. Some people do not like the sound that wind turbine blades make as they turn in the wind. Some types of wind turbines and wind projects cause bird and bat deaths. These deaths may contribute to declines in the population of species also affected by other human-related impacts. The wind energy industry and the U.S. government are researching ways to reduce the effect of wind turbines on birds and bats.
Water
- 7% of total U.S. utility-scale electricity generation is from dames
- The water cycle has three steps: 1: Solar energy heats water on the surface of rivers, lakes, and oceans, which causes the water to evaporate. 2: Water vapor condenses into clouds and falls as precipitation—rain and snow. 3: Precipitation collects in streams and rivers, which empty into oceans and lakes, where it evaporates and begins the cycle again.
- The volume of the water flow and the change in elevation (or fall) from one point to another determine the amount of available energy in moving water.
- Hydropower is one of the oldest sources of energy for producing mechanical and electrical energy. Hydropower was used thousands of years ago to turn paddle wheels to help grind grain. Before steam power and electricity were available in the United States, grain and lumber mills were powered directly with hydropower. The first industrial use of hydropower to generate electricity in the United States occurred in 1880, when 16 brush-arc lamps were powered using a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The first U.S. hydroelectric power plant opened on the Fox River near Appleton, Wisconsin, on September 30, 1882. Most U.S. hydroelectricity is now produced at large dams on major rivers, and most of these hydroelectric dams were built before the mid-1970s.
- Manufacturing the concrete and steel in hydropower dams requires equipment that may produce emissions. If fossil fuels are the energy sources for making these materials, then the emissions from the equipment could be associated with the electricity that hydropower facilities generate. However, given the long operating lifetime of a hydropower plant (50 years to 100 years) these emissions are offset by the emissions-free hydroelectricity.
Geothermal
- Geothermal energy is heat within the earth. The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source because heat is continuously produced inside the earth.
- People use geothermal heat for bathing, to heat buildings, and to generate electricity.
- Geothermal power plants do not burn fuel to generate electricity, so the levels of air pollutants they emit are low. Geothermal power plants emit 97% less acid rain-causing sulfur compounds and about 99% less carbon dioxide than fossil fuel power plants of similar size. Geothermal power plants use scrubbers to remove the hydrogen sulfide naturally found in geothermal reservoirs. Most geothermal power plants inject the geothermal steam and water that they use back into the earth. This recycling helps to renew the geothermal resource. Geothermal power can actually make landmarks in national parks, such as geysers and fumaroles in Yellowstone National Park, are protected by law.
Biofuels
- The two most common types of biofuels in use today are ethanol and biodiesel, both of which represent the first generation of biofuel technology.
- Ethanol is an alcohol fuel made from the sugars found in grains such as corn, sorghum, and barley.
- Most of the fuel ethanol used in the United States is distilled from corn.
- A flexible-fuel vehicle can use gasoline with ethanol content greater than 10%.
- Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oils, fats, or greases—such as recycled restaurant grease.
- E85 is 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, and E10 is 10% ethanol content
- There are more than 22 million flex fuel vehicles (FFVs) on the road in the United States, according to the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA)
- Biodiesel use may reduce greenhouse gas emissions The U.S. government considers biodiesel to be carbon-neutral because the plants that are the sources of the feedstocks for making biodiesel, such as soybeans and palm oil trees, absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) as they grow. The absorption of CO2 by these plants offsets the CO2 that forms while making and burning biodiesel. Most of the biodiesel produced in the United States is made from soybean oil. Some biodiesel is also produced from used vegetable oils or animal fats, including recycled restaurant oil and grease. In some parts of the world, large areas of natural vegetation and forests have been cleared and burned to grow soybeans and palm oil trees to make biodiesel. The negative environmental effects of this land clearing and burning may be greater than the potential benefits of using biodiesel produced from soybeans and palm oil trees.
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