After the Civil War, during Reconstruction, Jim Crow laws were put into place. The laws separated blacks and whites.

They also wanted better job opportunities.

The African Americans moved to more Northern states.

African Americans in this time faced a lot of hardships, including segregation, harassment, beatings, killings, and were socially outcasted.

African American culture adopted a more urban identity.
The South also had to fill the agricultural positions the African American laborers left.
Northern job positions were filled.