STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Consciousness is awareness.
Consciousness can be altered.
Examples: sleep, hypnosis (controversial), drugs, medication

• Consciousness is awareness
• Consciousness can be altered
• Examples

LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

• Conscious level: Aware of yourself and environment
• Nonconscious level: Body processes controlled without awareness
• Pre-conscious level: Info can be brought to mind through conscious effort
• Sub-conscious level: Routine activities that do not require conscious thought
• Unconscious level: Repressed events/feelings

SLEEP STAGES

• Stage 1: Drifting sleep/muscle contractions/theta waves emerge
• Stage 2: Light sleep/heart rate slows/body temperature drops
• Stage 3: Delta waves emerge
• Stage 4: Consumed with delta waves
• REM: Rapid eye movement/limbs paralyzed/dreaming occurs

INSOMNIA

• Inability to fall/stay asleep
• Primary: Sleep problems not associated with heath problems
• Secondary: Sleep problems because of health problems
• Acute - Not frequently/Chronic - Frequently
• Associated with stress, illness, medications, environment

NARCOLEPSY

• Excessive/uncontrolable daytime sleeping
• REM sleep occurs almost immediately
• Defective hypocretin/Irregular REM

SLEEP APNEA

• Breathing is disrupted during sleep
• Obstructive (most common): Blockage of airway
• Central: Brain fails to signal muscles to breathe
• Causes: Overweight, over 40, family history
• Effects: High blood pressure, stroke, heart failure

NIGHT TERRORS

• Occur during transition from stage 3-4
• Crying/fear during sleep with difficulty arousing
• Typically do not recall terror in morning
• Causes: Stress, fever, medications

FREUDIAN DREAM INTERPRETATION

• "Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious"
• Manifest content - what dreamer remembers
• Latent content - symbolic meaning of dream
• Secondary elaboration - makes believable/hides latent
• Universal symbols - Sexual: poles, guns, swords

ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS DREAM THEORY

• Dreams caused by physiological processes of brain
• During REM sleep, circuits in brain are activated
• Brain makes sense of activity by dreaming
• Dreams: intense emotions, acceptance without question

INFORMATION-PROCESSING DREAM THEORY

• Dreams fix days experience in memory
• Dreams help work out problems
• Dreams reflect what is going on in life
• Dreams contain material related to current concerns
• Males and females dream about similar stuff

ROLE HYPNOSIS THEORY

• People act hypnotized because they are expected to
• Hypnosis is a social phenomenon
• Humans with good focus/imagination hypnotize easily

STATE HYPNOSIS THEORY

DISSOCIATION HYPNOSIS THEORY

• Blend of role and state theory
• Hypnosis causes a split in consciousness
• One level responds to hypnotist
• Other level retains reality

STIMULANTS

• Increase activity in the brain/alertness/mood
• Sense of euphoria/can be addicting
• Caffeine (most common), nicotine, cocaine
• Causes insomnia, appetite loss, anxiety

DEPRESSANTS

• Inhibit functions of CNS by affecting neurons
• Symptoms: drowsiness, relaxation, sleep
• Alcohol (most common), barbiturates
• Used to treat anxiety/insomnia

HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELICS)

• Changes in perception of reality with hallucinations
• Effects are typically unpredictable
• Second dosage causes greater effects
• Marijuana/LSD/peyote/mushrooms

OPIATES

• Natural: Poppy plants/Synthetic: Chemical lab
• Block pain signals to brain
• Reduces pain/euphoria
• Heroin (most common), morphine, codeine
• Very addictive - physically and psychologically