The american civil war

UNION STATES (1861)
Oregon
California
Kansas
Minnesota
Iowa
Wisconsin
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan

UNION STATES (1861)
Ohio
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
New York
Vermont
Connecticut
Rhode Island
Massachusetts
Maine
New Hampshire

CONFEDERATE STATES (1861)
Texas
Louisiana
Arkansas
Mississippi
Alabama
Tennessee
Georgia
Florida
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia

Border States (1861)
Maryland
Kentucky
West Virginia
Delaware
Missouri

CONFEDERATE STRATEGY (1861)
The Confederates needed to defend their land until Northerners became tired of fighting.
Confederates sought aid from Britain and other European Nations.

UNION STRATEGY (1861)
Navy blockade of southern seaports.
Gain control of Mississippi River.
Invade Virginia and seize Richmond (Confederate Capital).

MATTHEW BRADY PHOTOGRAPHY (1840)

• Famous 19th century photographer.
• He began taking pictures in 1840.
• Started taking pictures of the Civil War in 1861.
• He created a visual documentation of the Civil War

FORT SUMTER (April 12, 1861)
Fort Sumter was located on an island in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.
The commander would not surrender the fort, so South Carolina decided to starve the fort into surrendering.
Confederate leaders opened fire on the fort, with the fort on fire the troops surrendered it.

FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN (JULY 1861)
30,000 Union troops were led to southwest Virginia to capture Richmond. Around the same amount of Confederate soldiers were 25 miles away in Manassas.
The armies clashed along Bull Run, July 21.
In the beginning the Union army pushed through but then the battle turned in favor of the Confederates.

GENERAL GRANT'S VICTORIES IN THE WEST (1862)
Seized control of most of the Mississippi River.
Captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee Ricer.
Captured Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River.
Gained control of western Tennessee.
Won the Battle of
Shiloh.

THE BATTLE OF SHILOH (APRIL 1862)
General Albert Sidney (Confederate) attacked Grant's troops, this became the Battle of Shiloh.
Both sides suffered many casualties.
As the battle wore on the position the Union troops were in was nicknamed the "Hornet's Nest", because of the intense fire the Confederate soldiers encountered.
The Union managed to force Confederate soldiers to withdraw from the railroad center.
Both sides suffered heavy losses but the Union army was the victor of this battle.

THE FALL OF NEW ORLEANS (APRIL 26 1862)
A Union fleet commanded by David Farragut entered the Mississippi River through the Gulf of Mexico.
On April 26, Farragut captured New Orleans, Louisiana.

GENERAL LEE'S VICTORIES IN THE EAST
Confederates stopped General McClellan's advance near Richmond (May 31, 1862)
Battle of Gianes' Mill (June 27, 1862)
Second Battle of Bull Run (August 25-27, 1862)
Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-6, 1863)
Battle of Fredericksberg (December 1862)

GENERAL LEE INVADES THE NORTH(SEPTEMBER 1862)
General Lee decided to invade the North with Richmond no longer threatened.
He slipped his army into western Maryland.

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM(SEPTEMBER 17, 1862)
A Union officer found a paper showing Lee's battle plan.
McClellan's troops attacked Lee's army at Antietam Creek Lee lost almost one third of his army and ordered a retreat.
This was considered the bloodiest day of the Civil War.

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION(1863)
On January 1, 1863 President Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation.
The document freed slaves in areas that were fighting the Union. It did not free slaves in border states nor parts of the South already under Union control.
The Proclamation changed the Civil War into a struggle for freedom, it became a fight to end slavery.

AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS (1863)
After the Emancipation Proclamation many slaves were allowed to serve in the army.
189,000 African Americans served in the Union army or navy.
African American soldiers served in all-black regiments under white officers.
They earned less pay than white soldiers.
Despite the disadvantages African American soldiers fought with pride and courage.

54th Massachusetts (July 18, 1863)
The most famous attack was on For Wagner in South Carolina by the 54th Massachusetts Infantry.
Confederate cannons fired as the regiment's soldiers charged.
The 54th reached the top of the fort's walls before being turned back in fierce hand-to-hand combat.

The Richmond Bread Riot took place on April 2, 1863. During the time, the Confederate economy was in serious strain, A group of hungry women in Richmond complained to the governor John L. Letcher, but he would not listen. The people then took their anger into the streets, breaking store windows and attacking commercial establishments, shouting "Bread!" Troops and authorities had to come and break up the crowds.

Conscription: As much as one third to one half of an army's soldiers left their units without permission. To meet the needs for troops, both the Confederate and Union side established drafts, a system of required military service. In 1862, the Confederacy passed a draft law requiring white men between the ages of 17-50 to serve in the military. The North adopted a similar law requiring men between the ages of 20-45 to serve. Many people on both sides complained about the draft, often leading to violent riots.

Economy of the War: To pay the costs pf the war, Congress levied the first income tax in America in 1861. The Union printed $400 million dollars in currency. This was the first federal paper money printed in America. This lead to inflation in the North. The South had a much greater inflation. The Union blockade prevented the south from trading overseas. Shortages made goods more expensive.

Some ways women contributed to the CIVIL WAR

• Disguising themselves as men.
• As much as 400 women joined the Union and the Confederacy.
• Running farms and plantations to help meet Confederacy needs.
• Factory work (Union)
• Nursing wounded soldiers in battle. 

Civil War Prison Camps
Both sides built prison camps for captured soldiers. The conditions in prison camps were terrible. Many camps were overcrowded. For example, the camps at Elmira, New York were built to hold 5,000 Confederate prisoners, but ended up holding 10,000 prisoners. The camps cut rations to bread and water, forcing prisoners to eat rats to survive. As many as 100 prisoners died each day, usually from starvation or exposure.

The Battle of Fredericksburg:
After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln replaced General McClellan with General Ambrose Burnside. In December 1862, Burnside marched his army of 120,000 men directly toward Richmond. General Lee assembled 75,000 men at Fredericksburg, Virginia to block their path. Burnside ordered his men to continue charging Lee's army, causing Burnside to suffer nearly 13,000 casualties. Confederates suffered nearly 5,000 casualties.

The Battle of Gettysburg: In June 1863, General Lee's troops crossed Maryland and marched into Pennsylvania. The Union Army,

now commanded by General George Meade, pursued them. On July 1, some Confederate soldiers approached Gettysburg, looking for shoes. However, they encountered part of Meade's army. Shots were exchanged and more troops joined the fight. By evening, the southerners pushed the Union forces back through Gettysburg. The next day, about

85,000 Union soldiers faced about 75,000 Confederates . The fighting raged into the next day as Confederate troops attacked each Union line. On


July 3, General Lee ordered a total attack on the center of the Union line. General George E. Pickett led 15,000 Confederates across Cemetery Ridge. As


they advanced, Union soldiers rained down on
them.

The Siege of Vicksburg
On July 4, 1863, the South suffered another major loss. General Grant began a siege on Vicksburg in May 1863. Day after day Union guns bombarded Vicksburg. Residents hid in cellars and ate rats and mules to survive. After 6 weeks 30,000Confederate troops finally gave up. Later, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, Port Hudson, also gave up, making the entire Mississippi River under Union control. This battle marked a turning point for the Union in the war.

General Sherman Takes Atlanta:
While General Grant began another siege in June 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman advanced toward Atlanta. the Confederates could not stop Sherman's advance. The Union Army marched into Atlanta on September 2, 1864. In November, Sherman ordered Atlanta burned.

General Sherman Takes Atlanta:
Sherman's capture of Savannah is also called Sherman's March to the Sea. After leaving Atlanta on December 16, Sherman led his troops to a destructive campaign leading to the capture of the port city of Savannah on December 21. When Sherman was well into enemy territory, he realized he didn't have supply lines to the north. Sherman decided his troops would "live off the land" by taking supplies from farmers and livestock for food. They also destroyed cotton gins, mills, and other industries that helped the Confederate Army. In the end, the Confederate army had a very small army left, and quickly surrendered.

The Battle of the Wilderness

On May 5, 1864, the Union Army of the Potomac (led by General Grant) and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia (led by General Lee) fought in the dense forests of Spotsylvania. After two days of violent clash and many casualties, neither side gained a victory, and the battle was a draw. However, Northern soldiers would continue to pursue the South.

The Fall of Richmond
In 1864, General Grant decided that he must attack Richmond, no matter the consequences. Grant's army hammered at the Confederates in a series of battles in northern Virginia in the spring of 1864. Grant was not able to break through General Lee's troops, but he refused to retreat, and continued attacking. After 7 weeks, both sides lost thousands of men. The two armies then clashed at Petersburg, a railroad in Richmond. There, in june 1864, Grant began a siege. By April 1865, Grant finally broke through the Confederate lines.

Surrender at Appomattox
On April 12, Grant's troops finally broke through Confederate lines. General Lee's army retreated to the town of Appomattox Court House. There, on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered . Grant simply had the Confederates give up their weapons and leave in peace as a surrender Grant.

Costs of the War
The Civil War was the bloodiest conflict in American history. About 260,000 Confederate soldiers died, more than 360,000 Union soldiers died, and about one million men came returned severely wounded and disfigured. It would take about a century before the nation could fully recover.

Thirteenth Amendment
In January 1865, Congress approved a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery throughout the nation. The amendment was proposed after the Civil War during Reconstruction. The amendment states that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States..." It was ratified on December 16, 1865.

President Lincoln Assassinated
Abraham Lincoln had many plans for the Reconstruction, but could not pursue them because he was assassinated on April 14, 1865, five days after General Lee's final surrender. A Confederate sympathizer named John Wilkes Booth sneaked up behind Lincoln while he and his wife were watching a plat the Ford Theatre in Washington D.C. Booth fired a single pistol shot in Lincoln's head, and he died a few hours later. Lincoln's death shocked the nation, and many people came to his funeral to pay their respects.

Consequences of the War
There were many problems after the Civil War. In the south, much of the land was in ruins, and it would take millions of dollars to restore. Cities and plantations lay in ruins. The economy of the south was in devastation, and many banks closed. There were also many arrangements that needed to be made for all the slaves that had been freed, such as education, land, and work. In addition, homeless refugees of the war needed food, shelter, and work. The nation would have to work hard to restore the peace between the North and the South, and recover from this devastating war.