The Civil Rights Movement : A Changing Nation
Published on Nov 18, 2015
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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVMENT: A CHANGING NATION
BY:GRANT WILLIS
With the end of slavery in 1865 and the reconstruction of the southern states, newly freed black citizens made some gains. With the collapse of reconstruction however the southern states began to pass "Jim Crow Laws."
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In 1896 in New Orleans Louisiana, Homer Plessy sat in the white section of a rail road car. Plessy was 1/8 black but refused to move to the section of the railroad car for blacks only. He was arrested and his case made it to the Supreme Court.
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In the Supreme Court case "Plessy vs Ferguson" (1896) the court ruled that "Jim Crow Laws" separating the races were constitutional based on the doctrine of separate but equal. (PBS,2014) African Americans would live with Jim Crow Laws for the next 50 years
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In the early 1950s, the NAACP began to look for ways to challenge Jim Crow and segregation laws. In 1954 the Supreme Court heard one of their cases and made one of the most important decisions in the history of the court. In the Brown v. Board of Education decision the court overturned Plessey vs Ferguson and ruled that the states must desegregate
the schools with " all deliberate speed." (PBS,2014)
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The very next year in 1955 an event took place that helped to spark the civil rights movement. Many whites in the south were angry about the Brown decision and tension was high. That summer Emmett Till a 14 year old African American boy came to Mississippi from Chicago to visit relatives. While there he whistled at a married white woman and was murdered by two white men. The men were found "not guilty" by an all white jury. This sparked outrage around the world."(Emmett Till, 2014)
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On December 1, 1965 Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat so that a white man could sit. She said later that anger with what had happened over Emmett Till led her to what she had done. She was arrested, sparking a boycott of Montgomery, Alabama's public transportation system.Martin Luther King Junior organized and directed the boycott. After 381 days the law segregating Montgomery's buses was repealed. It was one of the first victories for non violent protest of the civil rights movement.
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On February 1 1960, four students from the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University protested the segregated lunch counter at the Woolworth store in Greensboro,North Carolina. They were refused service and asked to leave. They stayed until the store closed. The next day others joined the "Greensboro Four" and we're also refused service( Greenboro sitins, 2014). The movement grew to other southern cities including Rock Hill, South Carolina, where 9 Friendship Junior College students did the same thing at a McCroreys lunch counter. They were arrested, refused to post bail choosing jail instead. They called this strategy "Jail no Bail." Eventually the lunch counters were integrated.(friendship college,2014)
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In 1961, The Congress on Racial Equality (CORE), decided to test the segregation laws along the interstate highways in the south. They were a group of white and black activist who would ride two buses from Washington, DC to New Orleans, Louisiana. They met little resistance until reaching Rock Hill, South Carolina were they were assaulted at the bus station. In Anniston, Alabama the Ku Klux Klan firebombed one bus and destroyed it and beat the freedom riders. The riders on the second bus were arrested in Jackson, Mississippi. The freedom riders failed to reach their destination but gained more support for the strengthening Civil Rights Movement. (History channel,2014)
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In 1964 nearly 1,000 civil rights activist mostly white, traveled to Mississippi to register black voters in the state they called this effort "Freedom Summer." The Ku Klux Klan and White Citizens Councils tried to stop the civil rights workers using violence and intimidation. Three civil rights workers disappeared that summer. They had been murdered and their bodies buried. Outrage over the murders led to the civil rights act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin.(CORE,2014) (National Park Service, 2014)
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In 1965, a protest was organized for fair voting rights. Six hundred people were organized to walk 54 miles from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. After only walking a few blocks police and state troopers met the marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge with dogs, tear gas,and billy clubs. In what became known as " Bloody Sunday." The protesters were beaten back to Selma. The sight of peaceful marchers being attacked with such violence on televisions around the world began to turn the tide of public opinion and led to the voting rights act.(NationalParkService,2014). The Voting Rights Act of 1965 signed by president Lyndon B. johnson suspended poll taxes, literacy tests and any other voter registration test. (HistoryChannel,2014
It took a lot of brave men and women marching,protesting and in some cases giving their lives for the Civil Rights Movement to be successful. In addition to these brave men and women many land mark pieces of legislation were passed that included all parts of our government. The Supreme Court struck the first blow against Jim Crow with the Brown v. Board of Education decision . Congress passed The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights act that defeated southern racist laws. The president ensured victory for Civil Rights when he signed both of these into law, leading to full equality for black and white in America.
Sources
Http://www.pbs.org/wnet /supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_plessy.html
Http://www.montgomery boycott.com
Http://sitins.com/index.shtml
Http://www.friendshipcollege.org/jailnobail.html
Http://www.history.com/topics/blacks-history/freedom-rides
Http://www.core-online.org/history/freedom_summer.htm
Http://www.nps.gov/subjects/civilrights/1964-civil-rights-acts.htm
Http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-acts
Http://www.emetttillmurder.com
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