The Development of Protestantism in England

early religious reformers

• Humanists; improve moral standards of clergy
• Lollards; Challenged Papal authority, bible in English
• Lutherans; Basis of Protestantism

the church's problems

• Simony (purchasing offices)
• Pluralism (holding more than one office)
• Non-residence
• Greed
• Sexual misconduct

The King's Great Matter determined the timing of the Break with Rome

Opposition

• The Holy Maid of Kent
• Bishop John Fisher
• Sir Thomas More
• Cathusian Monks

the role of cromwell

• Guided legislation through Parliament
• Vicegerent in Spirituals
• Reformer
• Contributed financially to the bible in English

the ten articles, 1536

• 3 of the 7 sacraments found
• Real presence in Eucharist reaffirmed
• Justification by faith alone outlined
• Conservative in nature

the bishops book, 1537

• Ordered by Henry following the PoG
• All 7 sacraments were found
• Mass deemed less important
• Special status of Priest downgraded
• Henry refused to endorse it

cromwell's 1536 and 1538 injunctions

• Changed religious practice more than any other reform
• Children to be taught religious prayers
• Pilgrimages discouraged
• Relics removed from churches
• Bible to be produced in English

the dissolution of the monasteries

• Valour Ecclesiasticus estimated monastic wealth
• Also examined moral degeneracy
• Act for Dissolution of Smaller Monasteries (1536)
• Act for Dissolution of Greater Monasteries (1539)

the pilgrimage of grace

• Largest rebellion against Henry VIII
• Duke of Norfolk told Henry force wouldn't defeat the rebels
• Rebels were aided by the Percy family (brother of the Earl)
• Henry needed to be cunning to defeat the rebels
• Causes; economic; religious; anti-Cromwell, anti-tax?

the six articles, 1539

• All 7 sacraments found
• Transubstantiation
• Clerical celibacy
• Private masses

the fall of cromwell

• Trial of John Lambert (denied real presence)
• Cleves and the 'rise of the Howards'
• Changing diplomatic situation
• Heresy (Robert Barnes, Calais)
• Norfolk and Bishop Gardiner brought him down

how catholic was england in 1540?

• Henrican Reformation = political, driven by religious reformers
• Religion in England = ambiguous
• 1534; Reformers made limited inroads
• 1539-40; Conservatives in the ascendancy
• By 1540; England = a mix of Protestant and Catholic ideas