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The Invention of Genetic Engineering

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1.

The Invention of Genetic Engineering

2.

WHAT IS G.E.? WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?

  • A biomedical process in which an organism is modified by manipulating its D.N.A.
  • D.N.A. is an organism's set of instructions, telling it what to be and do.
  • Used to protect organisms and make them safer, bigger, stronger, and more fruitful.
  • Mostly used for crops, research, and drugs, but sometimes are used on animals, humans, and microscopic organisms.
3.

HOW THE G.E. PROCESS WORKS

  • Multiple types of genetic engineering.
  • Breeding - Process of mating organisms with preferable traits to create offspring with preferable traits.
  • Modern steps to G.E.:
  • 1. Desired D.N.A. is cut from an organism.
  • 2. D.N.A. is copied and modified.
  • 3. D.N.A. is inserted into a bacterium, which delivers it into the new organism.
  • 4. The new organism is bred and copied.
4.

HISTORY OF GENETIC Engineering I

  • 30,000 B.C. - Ancient humans begin to selectively breed animals.
  • 8,000 B.C. - Ancient humans begin to selectively breed crops.
  • 1953 - D.N.A. is discovered.
  • 1973 - Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen are the first-ever to genetically modify an organism.
  • Middle to late 1970s - G.E. begins to be widely researched.
  • 1975 - The Asilomar Conference rules G.E. to be safe and sets the guidelines for future G.E.
5.

HISTORY OF GENETIC Engineering II

  • 1980 - U.S. Supreme Court rules that G.E. patents are legal, granting the first-ever G.E. patent to General Electirc.
  • 1980s - Companies begin to rapidly develop and test G.M.O.s.
  • 1982 - F.D.A. approves the first G.M.O. drug.
  • 1990s - G.E. crops and drugs explode in use.
  • 2014 - C.R.I.S.P.R. is successfully tested, allowing for easier and cheaper G.E.
  • 2017 - F.D.A. approves of the first-ever gene therapy treatment on humans.
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Untitled Slide

7.

GENETIC Engineering TODAY

  • Used to make crops and plants more fruitful, grow faster, repel insects, be more nutritious, be less dangerous, and last longer.
  • No proof that consuming G.M.O.s is riskier than consuming non-G.M.O.s.
  • Used to create Insulin, Human Growth Hormone, vaccines, and many other drugs.
  • Used to make non-medical drugs more potent.
  • Used to discover more about genes.
  • Other uses are currently in development or not yet widespread.
8.

G.E.'S IMAPCT ON SOCIETY

  • Created debates about wether or not modifying organisms is ethically right.
  • Used to provide additional food.
  • Used to help make more fuel. Used to add nutritional value to food.
  • Are cheaper to produce than normal food.
  • Have saved thousands of square miles of land.
  • G.M. crops are used to make cattle bigger.
  • Have reduced the Earth's carbon footprint.
  • In total, G.E. has saved millions of lives.
9.

G.E.'S IMPACT ON SOCIETY II

  • G.M.O.s don't fit into nature well and can cause an imbalanced ecosystems.
  • Can harmfully cross with non-G.M.O.s.
  • G.M. crops engineered with pesticides can be poisonous and kill off insects.
  • Can cause allergic reactions and antibiotic resistance.
  • G.E. drugs are more damaging and can easily lead to death.
  • Can cause harmful mutations when implanting new genes.
10.

THE FUTURE OF GeNETIC ENGINEERING

  • Many questions about the future of G.E.
  • Will only get better.
  • Will continue to be used on crops and drugs.
  • Will eventually be widely used to modify animals, cattle, and microorganisms to make them better, bigger, and less dangerous.
  • Will eventually be used to prevent and treat diseases in humans.
  • Will likely be used to modify babies, so they will carry preferable characteristics.
  • Could be used to create biological weapons.
11.

HOW TO MAKE G.E. BETTER

  • Find a way to make it much faster, cheaper, and more efficient.
  • Find a way to prevent all unsafe errors.
  • Have all countries work together on G.E. to prevent nations from building biological weapons.
12.

GENETIC ENGINEERING AND S.T.E.M.

  • Science - Discover D.N.A. and characteristics' locations; Find preferred and non-preferred genes; Find bacteria capable to change D.N.A.
  • Technology - Discover needs and uses for G.E.; Create safety trails; Make advertisements.
  • Engineering - Find ways to copy and modify D.N.A.; Deign machines small enough, but capable to help copy and change D.N.A.
  • Math - Find out work, machine, and production costs, profit margins, and pricing; Calculate safety numbers.
13.

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Created by Luke and Nate.

14.

Sources I

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Sources II

Nate Westhoff