-Natural occuring molecules
-Include : fats, waxes, steroids, fat soluble vitamins, glycerides, phospholipids and others
-General insoluble in water (polar substances)
-Soluble in nonpolar organic solvents

- long chains of linked carbons

- Saturated fatty acids ( for example palmitic acid)
- simple bonds
- mostly produced by animals
- mostly solid at room temperature
- for example butter
- unhealthy

- unsaturated fatty acids (for example linoleic acid)
- double or triple bonds
- mostly produced by plants
- mostly liquid at room temperature
- for example olive oil
- healthy

- structural lipids

- make up cell membranes
- hydrophilic head; hydrophobic tail

Main Functions
- main energy source
- signaling
- acting as structural components of cell membranes
- storing energy
- hormones
- pigments
- flavor enhancer
- protection against cold
- fat soluble vitamins are important for growth, skin and mucosa, stability of bones and blood clotting
- cosmetic industry
- organ fat

Our body can not produce some lipids them his own. That is why you get some of them from your meal. This lipids are called essential lipids.

- product of photosynthesis
- science of Carbohydrates : Glycobiology
- consists of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (ratio 1:2:1)

-monomer of carbohydrate
- simple sugar
- made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (ratio 1:2:1)
- main energy source
- most common forms: glucose, fructose, galactose (C6H12O6)
- sweet taste
- soluble in water
- glucose is produced in animal livers

- double sugar
- sweet taste
- soluble in water
- produced in a condensation reaction of two monosaccharides
- most common: Sucrose (fructose + glucose), Lactose (galactose + glucose), Maltose (ga

- three or more sugars
- product of a condensation reaction of monosaccharides
- difficult or insoluble in water
- neutral taste
- example: starch (plants), glycogen (animals), cellulose (plants)

- energy source and store
- component of extra cellular matrix
- regulation of water and electrolyte household
- important components of bio molecules
- fat metabolism processes
- building element (plants)

- macromolecules
- consisting of amino acids
- amino acids joined by peptide bonds
- 20 different amino acids (for example alanine, glycine, methionine)
- can change because of mutations
- loss of protein function -> disease
- increase of enzyme activities
- no remarkable change of protein function ("quite mutation" )

- 1 enzyme consists of min. 50- 100 amino acids
- each enzyme only one special function
- catalyst for chemical reactions

- fight against micro organisms to safe your health
- structural function
- catalysate chemical reactions
- cell movement
- signal function
- transport
- energy reserve
- building substance (hair, nails, muscles)
- energy source

- macromolecules consisting of nucleotides
- phosphor groups and sugar are linked
- nitrogen base at each sugar
- most common forms : RNA, DNA

- in each cell core
- double helix
- nitrogen bases: Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine, Guanine
- sugar: Desoxyribose

- messengerRNA (1 strand)
- transferRNA (cloverleaf shape)
- Uracil instead of Thymine
- sugar: Ribose

- store and carry information of cell functions
- catalyst
- signal transport
- DNA and RNA are natural; there are also artificial nucleic acids: cyclohexene nucleic acid