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Slide Notes
The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade your audience that your ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else's ideas. The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the methods of persuasion or appeals into three categories--
Ethos (Credibility), Pathos (Emotional), Logos (Logical).
Ethos (Credibility), Pathos (Emotional), Logos (Logical).
The Three Types Of Appeals
Published on Apr 07, 2016
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
THE THREE TYPES OF APPEALS
Ethos * Pathos * Logos
The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade your audience that your ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else's ideas. The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the methods of persuasion or appeals into three categories--
Ethos (Credibility), Pathos (Emotional), Logos (Logical).
Ethos (Credibility), Pathos (Emotional), Logos (Logical).
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ETHOS
uses the good moral character of the author to convince the reader.
Ethos (Greek for 'character') is an ethical appeal, and uses the good moral character of the author to convince the reader. Ethos is often conveyed through tone and style of the message and through the way the writer refers to differing views. Ethos can also be affected by the writer's reputation as her reputation exists independently from the message--his or her expertise in the field, his or her previous record or integrity, and so forth. We tend to believe people whom we respect. One of the central problems of persuasion is to make yourself as an author into an authority on the subject of the paper, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect.
PATHOS
Uses the reader's emotions to try to persuade.
Pathos (Greek for 'experience') means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. Language choice like use of adjectives or adverbs affects the audience's emotional response, and emotional appeal can effectively be used to enhance an argument. An appeal to pathos causes an audience not just to respond emotionally but to identify with the writer's point of view--to feel what the writer feels. The most common way of conveying a pathetic appeal is through narrative or story, which can turn an idea into something real for the reader.
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LOGOS
Use of reasoning or logic to persuade the reader.
Logos (Greek for 'word') means persuading by the use of reasoning. Giving reasons is the heart of persuasion, and cannot be emphasized enough. Logical thinking is used to support a claim as well as facts and statistics that help support the argument.
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HOW-TO USE AN ETHICAL APPEAL:
- An ethical appeal relies on making the author an authority.
- An author has to keep a fair tone in dealing with the opposition.
- The key is to make the reader respect the author.
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HOW-TO USE A PATHETIC APPEAL:
- Emotional appeals are very powerful as readers are easily swayed by their emotions.
- An author must find a story that allows the reader to feel as the author does.
- Making the reader feel there's a human side to the author's argument is key.
- However, pathos can easily backfire.
- The reader may not sympathize but scorn or mock the attempt to grab at the heart.
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HOW-TO USE A LOGICAL APPEAL:
- Giving reasons is the heart of persuasion.
- Each reason should be supported by facts and research.
- Each fact or bit of research should be explained to the reader.
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EVERY PERSUASIVE TEXT SHOULD CONTAIN EACH OF THESE APPEALS
TO BE SUCCESSFUL.
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