Title IX and Sex Discrimination

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• Title IX of the Educational Amendment was enacted in 1972
• The law states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

Most people think Title IX only applies to sports, but athletics is only one of ten key areas addressed by the law such as access to higher education, career education, education for pregnant & parenting students, employment, learning environment, math & science, sexual harassment, standardized testing, and technology.

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• Title IX was addressed toward women to prevent further discrimination by any institution that receives federal funds.
• This resulted is more equal opportunities for women in academia and sports

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• This required schools to operate in a non-discriminatory manner

This is important for teachers today because Title IX requires safe and accessible learning environments for both sexes, guarantees pregnant and parenting students equal educational opportunities, and requires that course offerings and career counseling not be limited by gender.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

• First passed in Congress in 1975
• Population addressed is children with disabilities
• Schools are required to provide special education in the least restrictive environment.
• Important for teachers because they must provide education regardless of student is disabled

Jacob Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act

• first passed by Congress in 1988
• Population addressed is gifted and talented students
• The Javits Act focuses resources on identifying and serving students who are traditionally underrepresented in gifted and talented programs, particularly minority, economically disadvantaged, and English language learners
• Important for teachers because priority funding is given to efforts to serve students from underresourced backgrounds,

Title I Improving The Academic Achievement Of The Disadvantaged

• First passed in 1965
• The purpose of this title is to ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and state academic assessments
• Promoters schoolwide reform and ensuring the access of children to effective, scientifically based instructional strategies and challenging academic content;

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

• Passed in 1973
• Affects students with disabilities
• Section 504 was the first national civil rights legislation that provided equal access for students with disabilities to higher education institutions receiving federal financial assistance.[6] Both public and private colleges and universities supported by federal grants and funding programs must comply with Section 504. The common way higher education institutions are linked to federal funds is through the federal student aid programs. Initially, colleges, universities, and community colleges complied with the regulations imposed by Section 504 in the late-1970s and early to mid-1980s.

Lau vs. nichols

• Passed in 1974
• non english speaking Chinese Students
• U.S. Supreme Court guaranteed children an opportunity to a "meaningful education" regardless of their language background. No longer would limited-English-proficient (LEP) students be left to sink or swim, offered no help in understanding their lessons, and shunted onto dead-end tracks for slow learners. The schools would have to assume responsibility for overcoming language barriers

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