Types of
propaganda

Name calling:
links a person, or idea, to a negative symbol.

Examples:

Bum, loser, pig

where do you find it?

• campaign ads
• Advertising
• social media

Glittering generalities:


A vague word or phrase used to make positive feelings rather than to convey information.

A common element of glittering generalities Is intangible nouns that rep ideals such as dignity, freedom, fame, integrity, justice, love and respect.

where are they found?

• political campaigns
• advertising
• debates

example:
I stand for freedom: for a strong nation, unrivaled in the world. My opponent believes we must compromise on these ideals, but I believe they are our birthright.

euphemisms:


toning down words or phrases to make them less harsh or shocking

examples

• Passed away vs. died
• correctional facility vs jail
• between jobs vs unemployed
• collateral damage vs civilian deaths
• liquidation vs murder

where are they found?

• press conferences
• history
• advertising
• political campaigns

transfer:
a symbol that carries respect, authority, and prestige is used along with an idea or argument to make it look more acceptable.

examples:

• american flag
• Respected association seals
• american flag colors
• celebrities and athletes

where can it be found?

• political campaigns
• advertising
• pretty much any business

testimonial:
have someone stand up and back something to get more people believing it.

examples:

• celebrities 
• experts
• the 'common' man

where is it found?

• most advertising
• political ads

bandwagon:


basically, everyone else is doing it, so you should, too.

examples:

• listing numbers or statistics
• language: all, everyone, majority, the world

where is it found?

• advertising
• politics
• sports fans!!!

fear:
playing off the fears of the audience to get them to follow

4 parts to successful usage of fear:

• present a threat
• specific instruction for how the audience should behave
• audience believes that the instruction will help 
• audience believes that they can complete the activity

examples:

• losing jobs
• losing money
• death
• not looking cool

where is it found?

• political ads and speeches
• advertising
• peers

logical fallacies:
drawing incorrect conclusions from established premises
2= a number, 1 = a number, so 2=1

examples:
all christians believe in god.
all muslims believe in god.
so all christians are muslims.

Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams. After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs to guide them
during a trial, carpenters have blueprints to guide them when they are building a house. Why, then, shouldn’t students be
allowed to look at their textbooks during an
exam?

where are they found?

• political ads
• advertising
• peers