The Umayyad dynasty began after Muhammad was assassinated Abu Baka was appointed as caliph and he began conquest
The conquered people were not treated fairly and they were not allowed to serve in positions of power or own land.
The umma were prophets that served under the caliph
The Shia and Sunni split began because of a major debate of who the position of caliphs hound be given too
The Jizya was a tax on conquered people who did not convert to Islam. The first caliph was the prophet's step father and was the person in charge of the society.
