Unit 2

Homework

• Read Chapter 17 by Wednesday the 9th
• Quiz on the 9th
• On AP Central/Classroom there will be an extra credit quiz for the test

Unit 2.1 The Silk Road

Why do we explore?

As cities & empires expand they make contact with other people and begin trading

The Silk Road

• opened around 139 B.C.E. during Han dynasty

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The Silk Road

• individual merchants usually did not travel from one end of Eurasia to the other—functioned as a chain
• handled long-distance trade in stages
• Each area/empire took care of their part of the "road"

The Silk Road

• transport capacity was limited over long distance and often unsafe, luxury goods were the only commodities that could be traded—limited capacity also explains why Silk Road did not generate particularly intense cultural or technological exchanges

Caravansarais

• use of caravans—oasis towns and caravanserais (roadside settlements providing safety and shelter) usually built a day’s journey apart

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Key Trading Cities

• Chang’an (capital of China during Tang)
• Baghdad (Iraq)
• Samarkand (modern day Uzbekistan)
• Kashgar, China

Kashgar

• western Chinese city
• in an Oasis of the region

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Samarkand

• has a central location in the Silk Road
• City was focused on trade and had good natural resources close by

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Innovations of trade

• Paper Money
• Letters of Credit = letters from a bank you carry when traveling, arrive at destination, show letter to bank, bank gave you some money. Much easier to carry.

Silk Road Products

• China: silk, bamboo, mirrors, gunpowder, paper, ginger, porcelain
• India: cotton textiles, herbal medicine, precious stones, spices
• Middle East: dates, nuts, dried fruit, dyes, lapis lazuli (ore to make blue dye), swords

Silk Road Products

• Siberia and Central Asia: furs, amber, horses, copper vessels, tents, saddles, slaves, and jade that was highly prized by Chinese stone carvers
• Mediterranean: gold coins, glassware, grapevines, jewelry, artworks, perfume, wool and linen textiles, olive oil, bronze goods, pottery

The Silk Road

• China benefited the most
• active from 100 BCE to 800 CE
• disrupted from about 800-1200 CE
• reached peak from 1200-1400s (after fall of Constantinople to the Turks)—during Pax Mongolica
• dwindled more in 1500s, as European maritime trade took off

Homework

• Read Chapter 17 by Wednesday the 9th
• Quiz on the 9th
• On AP Central/Classroom there will be an extra credit quiz for the test

Unit 2.1 The Silk Road

2.2 The Mongols

Genghis Khan

2.2 The Mongols

Pax Mongolica

• Time of Peace under Genghis Khan and beyond for 100 years
• religious tolerance
• protected the Silk Road to increase trade
• established new trade routes

Mongols and Trade

• better and more bridges
• methods of printing
• use of gunpowder
• advances in astronomy
• greater respect for artisans and merchants

Princess Khutulun

• warrior princess
• wanted to be trained with the boys
• tall and beautiful according to records
• when she was old enough to get married she said she would marry anyone who could defeat her in wrestling...

Princess Khutulun

• To try you had to give 100 horses
• over 100 princes showed up to try and they all lost
• She stayed a warrior for life and might have been a general

Lasting impacts of the Mongols

• increase trade
• created an international law for their empire, other empires followed their centralized government process
• they brought the bubonic plague to Europe
• Mongol women could remarry, ride horses, tend flocks, wear similar cloths to men

Lasting impacts of the Mongols

• Mongols speedy fightin made Europe get rid of knights in armor
• Europe got rid of walled cities because of Mongol siege techniques (the cannon??)
• Europe replaced tunics with pants and jackets
• Russia had to unify to kick them out

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SAQ

• Give ONE example of how the Mongol rule might be considered a positive
• Give ONE example of how the Mongol rule might be considered a negative

2.2 The Mongols

LEQ Debrief

What do you know about...

• Marco Polo
• Ibn Battuta
• Zheng He

Homework

• Read the packet and fill in the compare chart
• Focus on the similarities and differences

2.3 Indian Ocean Trade

Indian Ocean Trade

• Knowledge of Monsoon winds helps expand trade
• Gains importance with decline of silk road

Indian Ocean Trade

• Central location of India gives it its impact
• Zheng He and China help increase trade
• Bantu people on East Coast of Africa merge with Muslims to form Swahili languages and trade from the West

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Indian Ocean Trade

• more bulk goods (instead of luxury) traded: textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat
• Done between cities not states
• Cheaper

Products

• East Africa—ivory, gold, iron goods, slaves, quartz, leopard skins
• Arabia—frankincense, myrrh, perfumes
• India—grain, ivory, precious stones, cotton textiles, spices, timber
• SE Asia—tin, sandalwood, cloves, nutmeg, mace

Technology

• Magnetic Compass
• Astrolobe - measures stars altitude above the horizon, gives own latitude
• Lateen Sail - allowed better movement and larger ships

Growth of states

• Southeast Asia and East Africa, trade stimulated political change as aspiring rulers used wealth from trade to construct larger & more centrally governed states or cities

Swahili Civilization

• Eastern Coast of Africa
• Help trade items from interior of Africa into Indian Ocean
• Bantu people on East Coast of Africa merge with Muslims to form Swahili languages and civilization

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Kingdom of Srivijaya

• Malay peninsula in southeast Asia
• Buddhist kingdom, important for the diffusion of Buddhism across the region
• gold, cloves, nutmeg
• Taxed passing ships to help economically

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Unit 2.4 Trans-Saharan

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Trans-Saharan Trade

• Sahara has never been a complete barrier to connecting people
• Nomads migration began around 5000 B.C.E.
• The arrival of the camel quickened the pace across the Sahara
• Invention of the camel saddle made it was to North Africa to help with the journey

Trans-Saharan Trade

• Camels replaced horses and donkey since they could go a long distance without water
• Islam increased in the area and expanded the area of commerce and communication

Trans-Saharan Trade

• Islamic merchants established relations with local societies
• Followed route along to the Niger where more resources were available (Copper, ironware, cotton textiles, salt, grains)

Trans-Saharan Trade

• series of powerful trading kingdoms emerged in West Africa—Mali, Ghana, Songhai

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Mali

Ghana

• The Ghana Empire in West African became the gold capital
• Gold was in high demand due to economic development and trading it through eastern hemisphere
• did not produce the gold but kings would procure it
• Would also tax the gold, making the Ghana empire even more wealthy

Songhai

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2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

LEQ

• We are going to write multiple LEQs as a class
• Each pod will be contributing throughout the whole process

LEQ Question

• Develop an argument about who was a more influential explorer by comparing two of the three following explores.

Step 1

• Make a quick outline
• What is the questions asking you to do? What historical reasoning skill do you need to use?

Step 2

• Write a intro paragraph with a thesis
• You must make an argument and be ready to defend it
• Include two specific pieces of evidence
• although x, a and b, therfore y

Step 3

• Create a counter argument paragraph about why one of the other explorers might be considered more important

Step 4

• Write a paragraph with the first piece of evidence from your thesis

Step 5

• Write another paragraph with your second piece of evidence from your thesis

Step 6

• Add a paragraph about contextualization
• This is reaching outside of the prompt and showing what is going on around the world/area

Step 7

• Write a conclusion

Step 8

• Relax