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Chronic Toxicity

• Chronic toxicity is defined as toxicity elicited as a result of long-term exposure to a toxicant.
• Chronic toxicity is defined as toxicity elicited as a result of long-term exposure to a toxicant.
• Sublethal end points are generally associated with chronic toxicity. These include reproductive, immune dysfuction

CHRONIC POISONING

• Repeated exposure to ammonia may cause chronic irritation of the respiratory tract. Chronic cough, asthma and lung fibrosis have been reported. Chronic irritation of the eye membranes and dermatitis have also been reported.
• HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS MAY ATTACK LIVING ORGANISM IN TWO WAYS :
• A) LOCALLY—ACIDS, CAUSTICS etc. B) Systematic poisoning ---carried by blood stream to tissues and organs where they exert there effects.

CHRONIC EFFECTS:

• NEUROTOXINS.
• HEPATOXIN.
• NEPHROTOXINS.
• CARCINOGENS .
• DERMAROGENS.
• CHEMICAL CAUSING
• LUNG DISEASES

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AMMONIA HAZARDS

• CHEMICALS :
• a) Forms explosive compound by reacting with halogens hypochlorite, mercury, etc.
• b) Copper, zinc, cadmium are attacked by ammonia in the presence of moisture.

¨ FIRE :

• Risk of serious fire & explosion prevails while working on Ammonia System when Oxy-acetylene burning or welding is performed.

¨ FIRE :

• Risk of serious fire & explosion prevails while working on Ammonia System when Oxy-acetylene burning or welding is performed.

¨ ENGINEERING HAZARDS :

• a) Failure of gaskets joints, safety interlocks.
• b) Corrosion of external surfaces of pipes.
• c) Non condensable gases – results high discharge pressure.

TYPES OF EXPOSURE

• Skin:
• Anhydrous ammonia causes freezing and chemical burn wherever skin and clothing are moist. The sub-zero temperature of escaping anhydrous ammonia freezes clothing to the body.

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Eyes:

• Eyes are continually bathed in moisture. Anhydrous ammonia will seek this moisture. The burns will result in damage to the eyes, such as cataracts, glaucoma and possibly some permanent vision loss and disfigurement.

Lungs:

• At low concentrations, the odor of anhydrous ammonia usually will drive the unprotected worker away from the scene.

Respiratory toxicology

• The respiratory system represents a unique target for the potential toxicity of toxi- cants due to the fact that the lungs are the primary portal of entry for inhaled gases and particles.

Respiratory toxicology

• In addition, the lungs receive the entire cardiac output, and therefore, toxicants that enter the bloodstream also have the potential to cause lung injury.
• Different type of toxins produced by burning e.g CO traces od lead and different gasses can harm respiratory track .

Toxicity of nervous system

• Nerve agents and metabolic poisons also appear to have serious long-term neurological effects, including neurodegeneration

Symptoms of exposure:

• Pungent, suffocating smell at low concentrations.
• Eye, nose & throat irritation.
• Burns & frostbite from contact with liquid form.
• Difficulty in breathing.
• § Loss of consciousness.

Nephrotoxicity

• Poisonous effect of ammonia on kidney. Caused by substances called nephrotoxins.
• It is usually diagnosed by changes in excretory function, such as increases in urinary glucose, amino acid, or protein excretion, changes in urine volume, osmolarity, or pH.

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