vocabulary 3
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
ASSEMBLY LINE
- a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.
COTTAGE SYSTEM
- A cottage industry is an industry—primarily manufacturing—which includes many producers, working from their homes, typically part time. The term originally referred to home workers who were engaged in a task such as sewing, lace-making, wall hangings, or household manufacturing.
Bargaining
- The industrial revolution brought a swell of labour organizing in the US. The American Federation of Labor was formed in 1886
COMMUNISM
- a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
CONSERVATISM
- Conservatism (or conservativism) is any political philosophy that favours tradition (in the sense of various religious, cultural, or nationally-defined beliefs and customs) in the face of external forces for change, and is critical of proposals for radical social change.
COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
- The Communist Manifesto is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
CORPORATION
- a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.
CLASSISM
- prejudice against or in favor of people belonging to a particular social class.
CROP ROTATION
- the action or system of rotating crops.
DAS CAPITAL
- Capital: Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx is a foundational theoretical text in communist philosophy, economics and politics.
ENCLOUSURE SYSTEM
- In England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners.
FACTORY SYSTEM
- The factory system was first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century and later spread around the world. It replaced the putting-out system
ROMANTISM
- Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850
DARWINISM
- the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin.
SOCIALISM
- a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
SUFFERAGE
- the right to vote in political elections.
THE WEALTH OF NATIONS
- An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith
UNIONS
- the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context
utilitarianism
- the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.
BELL
- Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone
OTTO VON BISMARCK
- Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg, known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890
CHARLES DARWIN
- Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution
JAMES WATT
- James Watt FRS FRSE was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781
HARGREAVES
- James, died 1778, English inventor of spinning machinery. Examples from the Web for Hargreaves Expand. Here, however, a word may be said in favour of Hargreaves ' disposition of the parts mentioned. The Story of the Cotton Plant Frederick Wilkinson
HENRY BESSEMER
- Sir Henry Bessemer was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century. He also established the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre
FRIEDRICH ENGELS
- Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx
ELI WHITNEY
- Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South
FULTON
- Overcoming several failures early in his career, American engineer and inventor Robert Fulton (1765 – 1815) is credited with developing the first successful commercial steamboat in the early 1800s. Fulton was born near Lancaster, PA, on November 14, 1765
LOUIS PASTEUR
- Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization
Impressionism
- The artists like to capture their images without detail but with bold colors. Some of the greatest impressionist artists were Edouard Manet, Camille Pissaro, Edgar Degas, Alfred Sisley, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot and Pierre Auguste Renoir. Manet influenced the development of impressionism
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
- a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering. synonyms:
LIBERALISM
- Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality
LUDDITE
- a member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs (1811–16)
NATIONALISM
- patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.
NATURALISM
- the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.
NEOCLASSISM
- the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.
ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES
- On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology
PROLTARIAT
- workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism)
REALISM
- the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly
REALPOLITIK
- a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.
SOCIAL DARWINISM
- the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.
STRIKE
- a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer.
URBANIZATION
- Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change
ADAM SMITH
- Adam Smith FRSA was a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment
THOMAS MALTHUS
- The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus FRS was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name Robert
JAMES HARGREAVES
- James Hargreaves was a weaver, carpenter and inventor in Lancashire, England. He was one of three inventors responsible for mechanising spinning
THOMAS EDISON
- Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.
KARL MARX
- Karl Marx was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy.
EDWARS JENNER
- Edward Jenner, FRS was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" are derived from Variolae vaccinae, the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox.
