Untitled Slide

PLANT ADAPTATIONS FOR LAND

• Must have a way to obtain/retain water and nutrients.
• Transport materials in their body.
• Support their body.
• And ways and places to reproduce.

NONVASCULAR PLANTS

• Plants that lack a well devolved system for transporting nutrients and water.
• There are three groups mosses, liverwort, and hornworts.
• They live in moist areas.

MOSSES

• There is more than 10,000 species of mosses.
• It's the most diverse group of non-vascular plants.
• And Rhizoids anchor them to the ground.

LIVERWORTS

• There is more than 8,000 species.
• They are found growing in thick crust in moist areas.
• This plant is named for the shape of it's gametophyte.
• Liverwort's sporophytes are too small to see.

HORNWORTS

• There is fewer than 100 species.
• Usually found in wet soil mixed in with grass and plants.
• Hornworts are usually not found on trees.
• They are named for the shape of their hornlike sporophyte.

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

• Ferns, club mosses, and horse tails are seedless vascular plants.
• They do not produce seeds.
• They can grow tall because of the vascular tissue in their stems.

FERNS

• There are about 12,000 species of ferns today.
• They're leaves are called fronds.
• The roots can be above and below the ground.
• They have cuticles to retain water.

HORSETAILS

• There aren't many species of horsetails.
• They stems are jointed.
• And the stems contain silica.

CLUB MOSSES

• The have stems, roots, and leaves.
• They grow in moist woods and near streams.
• There are only a few hundred species left on earth.

SEED PLANTS

• They have vascular tissue.
• They use pollen and seeds to reproduce.
• Phoelm and xylem are in seed plants.

VASCULAR TISSUE: PHLOEM/XYLEM

• Phloem-vascular tissue in which food moves.
• Xylem-vascular tissue which water and minerals move.
• They are small tubes to move the materials.

POLLEN AND SEEDS

• Pollen- small structures that contain cells that will become sperm cells.
• Seeds- structures that contain a small plant inside the shell.
• Some seeds are in fruits to protect the young plant.
• Seed plants do not need as much water as seedless.
• The seed protect the young plant from drying out.

SEED STRUCTURE

• There are three main parts.
• Embryo- the fertilized egg.
• Stored food
• And a seed coat

SEED DISPERSAL

• Seeds can be dispersed by
• Animals
• Water
• And wind

GERMINATION

• It occurs when the embryo starts to grow and push out of the seed.
• Germination begins when the seed absorbs water from the soil.
• Germination is also the seed sprouting.
• The seeds ca't sprout unless they have ideal conditions.
• A seed is more likely to survive far away from there parent plant.

ROOTS

• Roots hold plants to the ground.
• They absorb needed materials from the soil.
• They sometimes store food.
• There are two types: fibrosis, and taproot.

STEMS

• Stems have to uses:
• Carry substances to roots and leaves
• Also to support the plant.
• The stem is made out of xylem and phloem.
• Xylem and phloem are made in the cambrium.

LEAVES

• Leaves can be any size and any shape.
• They capture the suns energy and carry out photosynthesis.
• Transpiration helps control water loss.

GYMNOSPERMS

• A seed plant that produces naked seeds.
• They have needle like and scale like leaves.
• They have deep growing root systems.
• There are 4 types: cycads, conifers, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.

EXAMPLES OF GYMNOSPERMS

• Cycads
• Conifers
• Ginkgoes
• Gnetophytes

ANGIOSPERMS

• They produce flowers.
• And the seeds are enclosed in fruits.
• All flowers have the same propose- to reproduce.
• They reproduce by pollination.
• And use photosynthesis.

EXAMPLES OF ANGIOSPERMS

• Any type of flower is an angiosperm, for example:
• Rafflesia- Asia
• Maple, lemon, apples,peas and tomatoes are angiosperms.
• Monocot- one cotelyden
• Dicot- two cotelydens.

MONOCOT V.S. DICOT

MONOCOT

• Seeds have one cotyledon.
• Leaves have parallel veins.
• Vascular tissue is scattered in the stems.
• Flower parts in threes.

DICOT

• Seeds have two cotyledons.
• Leaves have branching veins.
• Vascular tissue in the stems is arranged in a ring.
• Flower parts in four or five.

PLANT TROPISMS: LIGHT,TOUCH,GRAVITY

• Touch- vines coiling around objects.
• Light- leaves turn towards the sun.
• Gravity- stems go up, and roots grow down.