Russian Empire
Published on Nov 27, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
CATHERINE THE GREAT
Catherine attempted to increase the effectiveness of the tsar bureaucracy by appointing officials with modern Western European style education, and she worked to rationalize the administration of her realm. She organized the empire into 50 administrative provinces, each supervised by a Governor General. She wrote out rights and obligations of the nobility and urban classes in her Charter of the Nobility and the parallel Charter of the Town. Catherine even extended the rights of peasants in the land. She restricted the punishments that noble landowners could inflict serf land, and eliminated the cruel penalties.
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RUSSIA VS EUROPE
During early stages of Roman exploration, the tsars sought to recapture territories associated with the Kievam State and return Russia to dominance in Eastern Europe. The biggest target of this expansive effort was the Poland/Lithuania state. Russia and Poland went seperate ways religiously. Becasue of this Ukriane and Russia united to go against Poland, and several orthodox faith Slavic territories between Russia and the Poland, began to gravitate toward Moscow. The Russians then led a 13 year war with Poland, and annexed territory from the corrupt and disintegrating Polich state. (Jews were not allowed to migrate) In later decades, Russia expanded south into Balkan regions thar Ottomans could not defend and teamed up with orthodox Christians who hated the turkish overlords. The Slavic people of Russia and Balkans then forged a relatioship that influenced the history of the Balkan peninsula through two world wars and many civil conflicts.
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RUSSIAN SOCIETY
Agriculture revolved around Russia's peasant society. Most peasants were serfs tied to the lands owned by nobles, the crown, or monestaries. Male heads usually made decisions, while women tended domestic chores, and took care of the marriage. Russian women also obtained control of their dowries after marriage(a financial independence unknown elsewhere). The law code of 1649, placed serfs under strict control of landlords, and established a caste like social order that restricted both occupational and geographical mobility.
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RUSSIAN TRADE AND INDUSTRY
Direct trade with western European lands began in the mid-sixteenth century after an English expedition searching for a northwest passage to asian markets made its way north around scandinavia and into the white sea. The port Archangel soon became a flourishing trading city where merchants exchanged russian furs, leathers, and grain for western European armaments, textiles, paper, and silver. As the russians acquired territory in the south, they found opportunities to engage in trade with merchants from safavid persia, the ottoman empire, and even Mughal India. The Volga and other rivers flowing into the caspian sea offered access to the flourishing economies of the islamic empires, and Astrakhan became another bustling trade city like Archangel. Peter the Great's policy of westerns pizza tin helped build various industries in Russia. He spent a lot of money and effort in creating factories that produced iron, armaments, textiles, etc. The increasing prominence of foreign merchants in the imperial economy sparked deep resentment among Russian merchants, who were few in number and poorly organized in comparison with their western European and Asian competitors. However, the increase in factories was able to lay a foundation for the development and diversification of the agricultural society.
RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH
During the seventeeth century the Russian Orthodox church experienced an angered dispute between the reformers who sought to adapt ritual liturgy from Eastern European and Greek Orthodox churches for use in Russia. With the aid of tsars, the reformers had their way, but the Russian church lost its autonomy and fell under control of the tsarits autocracy.
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