NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

• Concluded earth and and other planets revolve around the sun.
• Studied planetary movements for more than 25 years.
• He feared ridicule or persecution so he didn't publish his findings
• until 1543.

JOHANNES KEPLER

• Concluded certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion.
• One of these laws showed planets revolving around the sun in elliptical orbits.
• He continued Brahe's work since he died 1601, Kepler was the assistant.

GALILEO GALILEI

• When he was 17 he watched a chandler swing on it's chain and he thought of
• Aristotle's law saying pendulum swings at a slower rhythm which was
• wrong to him.
• He discovered each pendulum takes the same time.
• He discovered the law of pendulum.

SIR FRANCIS BACON

• Believed in better understanding knowledge would improve peoples lives.
• Attacked medieval scholars for relying on abstract ideas of ancient thinkers.
• He was all for experimenting to get accurate answers.

RENE DESCARTES

• Developed analytical geometry : math and logic explaining things.
• He believed everything should be doubted until proven by reason.
• He started " I think therefore I am" following strict reasons for truths.

PHILOSOPERS-JOHN LOCKE

• Believed in people learning from experience to improve themselves.
• Believed we were born to have natural rights life, liberty, and freedom.
• Criticized absolute monarchy and favored self government .

VOLTAIRE

• Published 70 books of essays on philosphy, history, fiction and drama.
• Frequently targeted the clergy, aristocracy, and government.
• Never stopped fighting for reason, tolerance and freedom for belief and speech.

MONTESQUIEU

• Devoted to political liberty.
• Believed separation of powers was best governed.
• Believed in the whole check and balance would serve
• better for everyone than only one having the total control.

ROUSSEAU

• Believed reason, science, art would all improve life for people.
• Argued civilization corrupted the natural goodness of people.
• Stated only a good government was freely formed by people
• and guided by General will which is a direct democracy.

WOLLSTONECRAFT

• Disagreed women should be secondary to men in education.
• Argued Women needed education to be virtuous and useful.
• Also agreed for women's rights to be able to participate in politics.

HOBBES

• He was centered on social and political order;
• on humans living together in peace to avoid danger.
• Believes in individual freedom if there is direct law to stop you.
• He even Wrote leviathan which explains these beliefs in life.

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