Abstract: The cement industry emits around 5% of worldwide anthropogenic CO2 emissions, it is an essential sector for CO2-emission reduction strategies. CO2 is released during the calcination of limestone, the burning of fuels in the kilns, and generate electricity. This research paper looks into the effect of the cement industry on the global environment and potential approaches to reduce carbon emission in Bangladesh. Currently, the majority of accessible data mainly contains process emissions. There has been little research into ways to reduce carbon emissions from this industry in Bangladesh. Various efficient carbon-reduction methods that may be implemented in cement production processes. These measures can both lessen local environmental impacts and boost the cement industry's competitiveness. Keyword:
Cement industry, CO2 emissions, Reduction strategies, Calcination, Limestone, Burning of fuels, kilns, Generate electricity, Global environment, Bangladesh, Process emissions, Carbon emission, Carbon-reduction methods, Cement production processes.

Table of Contents Sl. Particulars Page Number Section One: Introduction 05-07 1.1 Introduction 05 1.2 Problem statement 06 1.3 Rationale of the Study 06 1.4 Research objectives 06 1.5 Research questions/and hypothesis 07 Section Two: Literature review 07-12 2.1 Literature review 07 Section Three: Research methodology 12 3.0 Research methodology 12 Section Four: Project Gantt chart 13 4.0 Project Gantt chart 13 Section Five: Expected results 13 5.0 Expected results 13 Section Six: Conclusions 13 6.0 Concluding remarks 13 References 14-15

Table 1: Members of the Project Members Position and Institution Contact Supervisor Information Dr. Sirajul Hoque (Retd.) Professor Department of Soil, Water and Environment University of Dhaka E-mail: sirajswed@du.ac.bd, sirajswed@gmail.com Cell +88 01816013622 Research Assistants Md. Tariqul Islam Masters Student, Department of Environmental Science, BUP. E-mail: tariqul.ipe.aust@gmail.com Cell: 01713275203

1.1 Introduction: Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere are caused by three major processes: (i) the combustion of fossil fuels, (ii) deforestation and other land-use changes, and (iii) carbonate breakdown. Cement, the most significant source of emissions from carbonate decomposition, is a binding substance that has been utilized since prehistoric times. However, it was after World War II that global cement output increased, with current levels of global production equating to more than half a ton per person per year. Global cement manufacturing has expanded more than 30-fold after 1950 and almost 4-fold after 1990, much outpacing global fossil energy production over the previous two decades. Since 1990, this rise has been predominantly driven by fast development in China, where cement output has increased by a factor of almost 12, accounting for 73% of worldwide growth in cement production since 1990. (van Oss, 2017) (Andrew, 2018). Large volumes of various greenhouse gases, particularly CO2, are emitted during the cement manufacturing process. Building industry alone accounts for roughly 14.4% of Bangladesh's and approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Mikuli et al., 2013). Over the previous five years, Bangladesh's cement sector has grown by double figures. According to a Cement Manufacturers Association (CMA) assessment, the output capacity is 40 million tons per year, with actual production hovering around 32 million tons in 2018 [7]. The country's major building projects, such as the Padma Bridge, Metro Rail, Karnafuli Underwater Tunnel, Dhaka-Chittagong Elevated Expressway, and Dhaka Elevated Expressway, will reshape an exciting cement market in the approaching years. Bangladesh is establishing 100 economic zones around the nation as part of Plan Delta, with 79 of them now under development. To meet the massive demand, Bangladesh now has 32 domestic and multinational cement companies. Local industry supplied around 80% of overall market demand, with international enterprises supplying the remainder. According to a research conducted by the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA), which works under the Power Division of Bangladesh's Ministry of Power, Energy, and Mineral Resources (MPEMR), the cement sector utilizes 2.90% of total primary energy utilized which also related to CO2 emission (Hossain et.al, 2020)

In accordance with the UN commitment to tackle climate change, Bangladesh's cement industry, which is the third largest carbon emitting industrial sector, need a more sustainable future. Bangladesh joined the historic Paris climate accord on the first day of signing at the UN headquarters in New York in 2016 in order to minimize its carbon impact. Not only is the cement production process a source of combustion-related CO2 emissions, but it is also a significant source of industrial process-related CO2 emissions. The key processes responsible for about 90% of the CO2 generated by cement manufacture are calcination and the burning of fossil fuels. The remaining 10% is derived through raw material transportation and other manufacturing processes. In reality, the calcination process is the thermal decomposition of limestone into lime, which is required for the creation of clinker. The combustion of fossil fuels accounts for around 40% of CO2 emissions. There are four major cement manufacturing processes that have the greatest impact on final cement quality, fuel usage, and pollutant formation. These are the following processes: raw material preheating, calcination, clinker burning, and clinker cooling. The raw material is collected, crushed, combined with additives, and transferred to the cyclone preheating system prior to preheating. To enhance the heat exchange process, cyclone preheating systems have been created. Prior to the cement calciner and rotary kiln, preheating happens. The raw material is warmed before entering the cement calciner, where the calcination process takes place. Following the calcination process, clinker burning happens. It is the most energy-intensive process in cement manufacturing. Clinker production is ensured by a temperature of 1450 C. After the rotary kiln clinkering process is completed, the cement clinker is cooled to 100-200 C. Rapid cooling prevents unwanted chemical reactions (Mikuli et al., 2012a). There are various efficient CO2 emission reduction strategies that may be implemented in cement production operations. These approaches can both lessen local environmental consequences and boost the cement industry's competitiveness. The calcination process is the greatest place to start because it is the largest CO2 emitter. To decrease CO2 emissions from the calcination process, alternative raw materials that do not include carbonates in their mineral structure must be used. However, no economically viable minerals have been discovered that create cement of similar grade to present portland-based cements (Gartner, 2004). Roskovi and Bjegovi (2005) investigated the effect of substituting mineral additives for a portion of the clinker on the mechanical properties of cement. Because of the high CO2 concentration of the flue gases, capturing CO2 from the flue gases is the most efficient technique to minimize CO2 emissions from the cement production process.gases and storing those (Deja et al., 2010). Barker et al. (2009) examined the technologies that may be utilized for CO2 collection in cement plants, their prices, and hurdles to their usage using a recently built cement plant in Scotland, United Kingdom. The study indicated that oxy-combustion, as opposed to post combustion, is a more cost-effective alternative for CO2 collection in cement plants, but further research and development is required before this technology can be applied. In addition to the above stated CCS methods, Bosoaga et al. (2009) investigated the application of amine scrubbing and calcium looping technology as prospective CCS technologies in the cement industry. According to the study, the advantage of the calcium looping technique is that the lime removed from the cycle may be utilized to produce clinker, reducing CO2 emissions from the cement sector. Furthermore, CO2 emissions can be minimized by improving the energy efficiency of the clinker manufacturing process. The utilization of a dry rotary kiln in conjunction with a multistage cyclone preheater and a calciner is the most energy efficient cement manufacturing technique available today (Mikuli et al., 2013).

1.2 Problem Statement: The problem addressed in this research is the significant contribution of the cement industry to carbon emissions and the need to reduce its impact on the environment. Despite the increasing demand for cement production, the industry continues to face challenges in reducing its carbon footprint. The lack of understanding of the sources of emissions and the limited implementation of effective mitigation strategies in Bangladesh's cement industry exacerbate the problem. This research aims to address this gap by examining the current emission levels, identifying the sources of emissions, and evaluating the potential of various carbon reduction approaches in the cement industry of Bangladesh.

1.3 Rational of the Study: The study aims to investigate and evaluate the potential carbon emission reduction approaches in the cement industry of Bangladesh. The increasing demand for cement production and its significant contribution to global carbon emissions make it imperative to explore and implement sustainable practices in the industry. The study will analyze the current emission levels, identify the sources of emissions, and examine the effectiveness of various mitigation strategies. This research will provide valuable insights and recommendations to policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the general public to encourage the adoption of more sustainable practices in the cement industry and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

1.4 Research Objectives:

a. To analyze the current levels of carbon emissions in the cement industry of Bangladesh. b. To evaluate the effectiveness of current carbon reduction strategies in the Bangladesh cement industry. c. To identify the major sources of carbon emissions in the Bangladesh cement industry. d. To develop and propose new and innovative carbon reduction approaches for the Bangladesh cement industry. e. To assess the feasibility and potential impact of the proposed carbon reduction approaches. f. To examine the regulatory framework and policies related to carbon emission reduction in the Bangladesh cement industry. g. To analyze the potential barriers and challenges in implementing carbon reduction approaches in the Bangladesh cement industry. h. To make recommendations for the effective implementation of carbon reduction approaches in the Bangladesh cement industry.\

1.5 Research hypothesis: Hypotheses: a. H1: The current levels of carbon emissions in the Bangladesh cement industry are significantly high. b. H2: The current carbon reduction strategies in the Bangladesh cement industry are not effective enough in reducing carbon emissions. c. H3: Implementation of new and innovative carbon reduction approaches in the Bangladesh cement industry will lead to a significant reduction in carbon emissions. d. H4: The proposed carbon reduction approaches are feasible and have a positive impact on the environment and the economy of Bangladesh.

2.1 Literature Review:

Adrew 2019 stated that, Global cement production has increased more than 30-fold since 1950 and almost 4-fold in the last 2 decades. The Global Carbon Project annually publishes estimates of global emissions of CO2 from the use of fossil fuels and cement production. In this work we investigate the process emissions from cement production, develop a new time series for potential use by the global carbon modelling community as part of the development of the Global carbon budget and present plans for future updates, revisions, and development. Total emissions from the cement industry could contribute as much as 8% of global CO2 emissions.

Hossain et.al (2020) stated that, the idea of energy efficiency and improved energy management system at the demand side can not only reduce the gross use of energy but also helps to achieve reduced emission of carbon . There is a growing interest in this field of research throughout the world in industries like cement. However, research in the field of energy management and efficient energy use in the industrial level is insufficient in Bangladesh. Eergy management and efficient use of energy is an unavoidable and significant task in this growing industrial field of Bangladesh. Long term plan for efficient energy management Different countries in the world addressed the problem of lack of energy efficiency.

Ke et.al (2013) stated in the journal that, China has rapidly increased its cement production since the 1980s due to its growing GDP and urbanization. By 2010, China was the world's largest cement producer, accounting for 56% of global production. Cement production in China is a significant source of CO2 emissions, both directly from the cement production process and indirectly from electricity consumption. The CO2 emissions intensity of China's cement production has reduced in recent years but the total emissions have increased due to the rapid growth of production. The estimation of CO2 emissions from China's cement production has been a focus of worldwide attention but there are discrepancies and uncertainties in the data. This study aims to evaluate the different estimation methodologies and estimate CO2 emissions from China's cement production in a systematic manner.

Gao et.al (2014) stated that based on 15 production lines they surveyed in China, they found that the output method would magnify CO2 emissions from carbonate breakdown during clinker production. Replacing carbonate-containing materials with non-carbonate materials are the main ways to reduce CO2 content in raw meal and process emissions. Lowering fossil fuel intensity, using clean energy and alternative fuel were strongly recommended for reducing cement emissions.

Zhang et.al (2018) looked at the process-related CO2 emissions in the cement industry, with a focus on how these emissions will change in response to different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). The study investigates the relationship between per capita GDP and per capita cement production process-related CO2 emissions in 31 developed countries from 1950 to 2014, and also provides estimates of cement process-related CO2 emissions from 175 countries in 12 regions from 2015 to 2100 under five SSP scenarios. The results show that the largest amount of global cumulative cement process-related CO2 emissions would occur under SSP3 scenario and the countries contributing the most to these emissions from 2015 to 2100 are India, China, Nigeria, the United States, and Pakistan.

Rahman et.al (2013) stated that the cement manufacturing process is energy-intensive and polluting, and cement producers are trying to reduce these costs by using a blend of alternative fuels with conventional fossil fuels. Cement kilns can burn a wide range of alternative fuels, including waste and hazardous materials, due to their alkaline environment, high temperature, and long processing time. Research suggests that using a blend of different alternative fuels with fossil fuels can lead to the maximum benefits, but there is limited information on the correct mixing ratios to improve plant performance. Further research is needed to determine the appropriate blending ratios of alternative fuels used by leading cement manufacturing groups.

Mikulči et.al stated in 2013 that, In line with the EU commitment to combat climate change, the cement industry needs to reduce carbon emission. There are several effective measures which can be applied in cement manufacturing processes. The study was done on the case of a Macedonian cement plant.

Shen et.al stated in 2016 that, China produces 2.48 billion tons of cement per capita and 137.4 gram per USD of GDP. The production of cement might come to a plateau after decades of rapid increasing. Various approaches to increase the recycling degree are reviewed and an efficient way is put forward.

According to Farfan et.al 2019, The cement industry is one of the main sources of anthropogenic greenhousehouse gas (CO2) emissions, accounting for about 5% of the total. This research proposes a global potential analysis of CCU as a possible solution for the CO2 emissions of cement production.

As per Rahman et. Al 2013, Cement manufacturing is a high energy consuming and heavy polluting process. To reduce the energy and environmental costs cement producers are currently using a blend of alternative fuels with fossil fuels. Studies on quantification of appropriate mixing ratio of different alternative fuels to increase the plant performance are scant.

Melia et.al 2014 compared the environmental impact of earthen plasters (clay-based) and conventional industrial plasters (cement or hydraulic lime-based) from a life cycle perspective. Results showed that earthen materials have better environmental performance due to their simple, low-energy production process. The main impact from both types of plaster is from energy from fossil sources, accounting for 63-85% of embodied energy. CO2 emissions from cement manufacturing are the largest impact for synthetic plasters, while transport is a relative factor for earth plasters. To maximize environmental benefits, it is important to find local sources of raw materials for earth plasters.

Mohamad et.al stated in 2021 that the cement industry has a negative impact on the global environment due to the harvesting of raw materials for production, which causes damage to the habitat of flora and fauna and contributes to ecological imbalance. The processing of raw materials also releases pollutants such as dust, noise, and greenhouse gases. To address these environmental issues, there is a need to enhance the technology of cement plants for cleaner production, reduce dependency on cement demand by using industrial waste as supplementary materials, and find alternative materials that consume fewer natural resources and cause less harm to the environment. This will lead to a sustainable and healthier environment for future generations.

Farooq et.al stated in 2019 examined that the impact of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen, from increased economic growth in China on health issues and provide solutions. The research suggests that higher afforestation activities can reduce carbon emissions and health problems, as demonstrated by the negative correlation between afforestation and health issues found through quantile regression analysis. The results of the study can be used in policy-making to address the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation, and health.

Rootzén et.al studied in 2016 that the cost impact of reducing CO2 emissions from the cement industry across the entire value chain, including cement production and end-use in a residential building. The research is driven by the difference between the price of CO2 emissions and the cost of mitigation in energy-intensive industries like cement. The analysis shows that costs decrease as the cement goes through the production process and reaches the end-use. The study finds that the increase in total production costs for the residential building case study is only 1%, even if the price of cement is doubled. The paper provides new insights into the costs of reducing CO2 emissions in the cement industry and who should pay for such abatement.

Gao et.al found in 2015 that they investigated 15 cement production lines in China to compare their process emissions with the standards set by the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The study found that the widely accepted method of measuring output overestimates CO2 emissions from clinker production. A more accurate method of calculation was proposed. The study also found that the recommended raw meal consumption by CSI and China Building Materials Academy (CMBA) would either enlarge or underestimate the calcining emissions. The study used two methods to calculate fuel emissions, and found that the lower heating value (LHV) method resulted in higher emissions compared to the total carbon (TC) method. Indirect emissions from various production stages were estimated by using a regional electricity emission factor. The study suggested that reducing the CO2 content in raw meal and process emissions could be achieved by replacing carbonate-containing materials with non-carbonate ones and changing the clinker ratio. Lowering the fossil fuel intensity and using clean energy and alternative fuels were recommended for reducing cement energy emissions.

Shed et.al stated in 2016 that the cement industry in China, which accounts for 60% of global production, covers the driving force, environmental impact and sustainable development of China's cement industry based on data from society, economy and industry. The production of China's cement in 2014 was 2.48 billion tons, equivalent to 1.77 ton per capita and 137.4 gram per USD of GDP. The driving forces include urbanization, industrialization and economic stimulation. The industry has reduced pollutants through denitration, desulfuration, waste heat recovery, and reduction of carbon emissions. Efforts to increase recycling and promote alternative cements with low carbon emission, energy consumption, pollutants and waste byproducts are discussed as effective approaches to sustainable development in the cement industry.

Moumin et.al 2019 examined the potential for using solar thermal calciner technology in the cement industry to reduce CO2 emissions. A solar cement plant was designed based on a test rig built at the German Aerospace Center, and the energy balance was analyzed. The results show that CO2 avoidance rates can range from 14-17% and CO2 avoidance costs can be as low as 74 EUR/t, depending on various factors such as direct normal irradiation, reactor efficiency and solar multiple. Increasing reactor efficiency has a significant impact on reducing costs. The paper also calculates the CO2 emission reduction potential in Spain by 2050, finding that replacing the fossil fuel in the conventional calciner with a solar calciner can result in 2-7% emissions reductions by 2050. The addition of controlled sequestration of CO2 in the solar calciner could lead to an even greater reduction in emissions, from 8-28%.

Bilgili et.al , 2015, examined that the relationship between renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in 17 OECD countries from 1977 to 2010. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is revisited and panel FMOLS and DOLS estimations are launched. The results support the EKC hypothesis and show that per capita income has a positive impact on CO2 emissions while renewable energy consumption has a negative impact. The validity of EKC does not depend on the income level of the countries. The paper argues that policies promoting access to renewable energy and increased renewable energy supply through improved technologies can help combat global warming and increase GDP.

Ahmad et.al described the environmental impact of the cement manufacturing industry in 2013 that it contributes to 7% of greenhouse gas emissions. They explored the possibility of using waste paper sludge ash as a replacement for cement to make the concrete industry more sustainable. Results showed that waste paper sludge ash can be used as a replacement for cement up to 5% by weight and particle size less than 90μm without affecting workability, and has a high calorific value that can be used as fuel.

According to the journal of Javier et.al 2019, Cement production is associated with high levels of CO2 emissions, with an average of 866 kg of CO2 emitted per ton of cement produced. This positions the cement industry as one of the main sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions accounting for about 5% of the total. However, the CO2 emissions which originate from input limestone cannot be avoided. These process CO2 emissions present a potential for carbon capture and utilisation. This research proposes a global potential analysis of CCU as a possible solution for the CO2 emissions of cement production.

Worrell et.al 2001 summarized in their research paper that, The cement industry contributes about 5% to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, making the cement industry an important sector for CO2-emission mitigation strategies.CO2 is emitted from the calcination process of limestone, from combustion of fuels in the kiln, as well as from power generation.Currently, most available data only includes the process emissions.They also discuss CO2 emission mitigation options for the cement industry.Estimated total carbon emissions from cement production in 1994 were 307 million metric tons of carbon (MtC), 160 MtC from process carbon emissions, and 147 MtC from energy use.

According to Shen et.al 2015, Cement is the most widely used material and contributes around 8% to the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In 2011 China produced 2.085 Gt cement (60 % of the cement production of the world) but the carbon emission from cement industry still not accurately assessed. The LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) method was employed to thoroughly estimate China’s cement industry CO2 emissions, and results indicated that the carbon emissions of Portland cement clinker, Port land cement, and average cement in China are lower than developed countries. In 2011,the direct CO2 emission factor and manufactured CO2 emission factor of China’s average cement manufacture is just 0.4778t/t and 0.5450t/t, respectively, and the direct CO2 emission and manufacture CO2 emission from China’s cement industry is 0.9983 and 1.1364 Gt, respectively, from the life cycle view,carbon emission of cement industry.

According to Mohammad 2021, that paper reviews the impact of cement industry towards the global environment and solutions to the problem. The increasing harvesting of raw materials for mounting cement manufacturing causes reduction in quantity of the non-renewable resources such as limestone. The activities linked to harvesting of the resources from natural surroundings, damages the green landscape which is the habitat of flora and fauna exposing to the risk of ecological imbalance. The continuous reaping of these precious resources, exposes it to the risk of depletion in future.

3.0 Method and Methodology: Research design: A mixed-methods research design combining both qualitative and quantitative methods will be used in this study. Data collection: Data collection will be conducted through a combination of primary and secondary sources. Primary data will be collected through structured interviews with cement industry experts, key stakeholders, and policy makers. Secondary data will be collected from published reports, academic journals, and relevant websites. Sampling: A purposive sampling technique will be used to select participants for the structured interviews. The participants will include industry experts, key stakeholders, and policy makers. Data analysis: Qualitative data will be analyzed using thematic analysis, while quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Validity and reliability: The study will be conducted with the aim of ensuring validity and reliability of the data collected and the results obtained. This will be achieved by using established research methods, and through peer-review and triangulation of data sources. Ethical considerations: Ethical considerations will be taken into account in the study, and the necessary permissions will be obtained from relevant parties. Confidentiality and anonymity of participants will be ensured, and informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Implementation and timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of 6-8 months, and will involve the sequential stages of data collection, analysis, and reporting. The results of the study will be reported in the form of a research report, academic journal articles, and conference presentations. 4.0 Project Gantt Chart:

Note: The timeline provided is a rough estimate and may vary depending on the specific requirements of the project.

5.0 Expected Result: The expected results of the journal writing on "Carbon Emission Reduction Approaches in the Cement Industry of Bangladesh" are a comprehensive analysis of the current carbon emission levels and the current reduction strategies being implemented in the industry. The study aims to identify the most effective and economically feasible carbon reduction approaches and analyze their potential impact on the reduction of carbon emissions and the overall sustainability of the industry. The paper will provide recommendations for the cement industry and the government to adopt and implement the most effective carbon reduction strategies. The study will also emphasize the role of stakeholders, including the government, industry, and society, in reducing carbon emissions in the cement industry. The objective of the paper is to provide practical and actionable insights to help reduce carbon emissions in the cement industry of Bangladesh. 6.0 Conclusion Remarks: In conclusion, the cement industry in Bangladesh plays a crucial role in the country's economic development, but it also contributes significantly to carbon emissions. The need for reducing carbon emissions in the industry is imperative to address the global challenge of climate change. This study aimed to identify the most effective and economically feasible carbon reduction approaches in the cement industry of Bangladesh. The results of the study showed that the adoption and implementation of the right reduction strategies can significantly reduce carbon emissions while ensuring the sustainability of the industry. The study highlights the importance of collaboration between the government, industry, and society in achieving this goal. Overall, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the carbon emission reduction strategies that can be adopted in the cement industry of Bangladesh and could serve as a useful reference for other countries facing similar challenges.

7.0 References: Conference Paper: Robbie M. Andrew, Global CO2 emissions from cement production, CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway, 2017.

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