High-speed cameras and a wind tunnel were used to decode butterfly flight.

Christoffer Johansson and Per Henningsson of Lund University in Sweden waded through the grass and wildflowers in a meadow near the school's field station on a hot summer day. They went slowly and methodically toward a cantaloupe-colored insect's fleeting flutter, ready to catch it with a delicate cotton net. For Johansson and Henningsson, capturing silver-washed fritillary butterflies is considerably more than a summer pastime. To figure out what gives these butterflies their characteristic flight pattern, they utilise slow-motion cameras and high-speed flow measurements. This discovery not only aids scientists in better understanding the biology of this insect, but it also has the potential to influence the design of future drones.

It's not always easy, adds Johansson, who recalls the scorching heat of field searching and the frenetic search for specimens within their experimental wind tunnel, but it's always fascinating.

"We usually spend the majority of our time in the lab," Johansson explains. "We actually spent a few days out in the meadows gathering butterflies in this case... But it's during the actual experiments in the wind tunnel that I have the most fun and frustration. Even though the butterfly is placed in a certain location, once it takes flight, it can quickly wander around the tunnel and vanish, only to resurface atop the researchers' heads."

The Mysterious Monarch

Butterflies are capable of flying not just in short bursts from blossom to flower, but also in long-distance migratory trips. The monarch butterfly, for example, migrates about 4,800 kilometres (3,000 miles) from the United States to Mexico.

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Butterfly flight is remarkable for a variety of reasons, according to Johansson. They also have a relatively big wing-to-body ratio given their modest body size, compared to other insects.

"When compared to other flying species, butterflies are extraordinary," Johansson explains. "They have a low wing loading and a low aspect ratio, which implies their wings are fundamentally huge, short, and broad in comparison to other flying creatures."

Butterfly takeoff with weight support on the downstroke and thrust generation on the upstroke. (Photo credit: P. Henningsson and L. C. Johansson)

Scientists hypothesised in the 1970s that butterflies achieve multifunctional flight by generating a jet of air when they clap their wings together at the top of the upstroke to propel themselves ahead. However, it has taken nearly 50 years for researchers to establish this mechanism since quantifying free-flying activity, as opposed to tethered flight under laboratory settings, is more difficult stated than done. Johansson and Henningsson's research adds to the body of knowledge on butterfly flight dynamics, allowing them to better comprehend how it could be applied in different contexts.

"It's difficult to predict what basic research will be utilised for in the end," Johansson added, "but in this situation, there are direct applications in drones." "Today, there are drones flying that generate forces using a clap mechanism. It could be worthwhile for them to investigate this proposed butterfly mechanism to improve drone wing flexibility and increase clapping efficiency and force."

Butterfly Flight Capture

The researchers used honey water feeders to entice six silver-washed fritillary butterflies to take flight in a recirculating wind tunnel at Lund University. This is a one-of-a-kind wind tunnel. It was built to study avian flight at first. To deter the butterflies from flying away from the team's measurement setup, a huge fan in the tunnel circulates air at two metres per second (4.5 mph).

The team used four high-speed cameras to record the air motion created by the butterflies, as well as two more cameras to catch the butterflies' movement. The researchers may generate a 3D model of fluid flow using a flow measuring technique called tomographic particle image velocimetry, and then investigate the aerodynamic forces to learn how butterfly wings propel their flight. The focus of this study was on the wind jets formed when butterflies clap their wings.

In the wind tunnel, tiny aerosol particles of roughly 1 micrometre in size are suspended. The motion of these particles is captured by high-speed cameras as the butterflies fly through them in front of a laser-lit sheet. The crew recorded a total of 25 sequences, each with one to three wingbeats.

The team used MATLAB® for data analysis, including a user interface he built for vector analysis to examine the fluid dynamics of butterfly flight, according to Johansson.

“Our field of research is technically and quantitatively demanding, and there is no single software that can perform all of the analyses the way we want,” Johansson explained. "As a result, we'll have to write the majority of the code ourselves."

The thrust produced by a butterfly flying at approximately 2 ms-1 during its upstroke and clap. (Photo credit: P. Henningsson and L. C. Johansson)

"MATLAB was utilised to visualise the flow and plot the outcomes of the trials," explained Sagar Zade, a MathWorks education customer success engineer.

MATLAB was also used by Johansson and Henningsson to calculate aerodynamic forces, determine the clapper's aerodynamic power, and estimate background power using Monte Carlo simulations.

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"The findings from these experiments will be highly useful for future researchers who want to use MATLAB to numerically describe fluid dynamics utilising sophisticated Navier Stokes equations," Zade said.

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What is a Rhetorical Analysis Essay and How Do I Write One?

Writing a rhetorical analysis essay might be challenging, especially if it is your first time. Nonetheless, if you understand the steps to accomplish it step by step, your writing talents will be on par with those of a professional. This article will define rhetorical analysis and provide an overview and pictures for step-by-step instruction.

What is the definition of a Rhetorical Analysis Essay?

Many authors, it goes without saying, compose diverse literacy works in order to persuade readers of the logic of their opinions and perspectives. To attain this purpose, these writers employ a variety of techniques, literacies, and rhetorical devices. This is what you will work with when creating your rhetorical analysis essay.

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So, what exactly is a rhetorical analysis? A rhetorical analysis evaluates the author's ability to persuade, educate, and engage his or her audience. Several writing strategies are required to analyze modern and ancient texts. When writing a rhetorical analysis essay, it's critical to identify the author's writing style and point of view, as you'll be evaluating the author's persuasion strategies, such as the words and phrases they employ and their success with readers.

Prompt for Rhetorical Analysis

Why is it required to do a rhetorical analysis? When teachers give this type of activity, they provide precise prompts that explain the task's goal and specific areas where students should focus. A basic rhetorical analysis essay prompt is shown below.

“Analyze the text, speech, article, journal, etc., in a 3–4 page essay by paying attention to the words, phrases, organisation, structure, and devices used by the author. You must complete the following tasks for this paper: (1) Examine the text's principal argument/purpose/claim, and (2) identify and discuss the author's strategies and their impact on the audience.

When reading the assigned assignment, think about how the author employs:

To support their primary concepts, they used logic, pictures, and proof such as data and statistics.

Techniques of persuasion and literature

Pathos, ethos, and logos are examples of rhetorical tactics.

The major goal of this job, as stated in the question, is to define and analyse the fundamental rhetorical qualities.

Strategies for Rhetorical Analysis

Three rhetorical strategies, often known as persuasive methods, are used by all authors. It is vital for you to have a good understanding of various persuasion strategies and their functions in order to manage the assignment.

What are the three different types of rhetorical strategies? We'll define each one and examine their key characteristics:

Pathos

Pathos is a Greek word that originally meant "experience" or "suffering." Authors utilise this form of persuasion to arouse their readers' emotions, such as wrath, happiness, sympathy, nostalgia, terror, and so on, according to Aristotle's book Rhetoric. Pathos is a technique used by authors to persuade the audience to identify with their viewpoints and identities.

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Pathos can be used in rhetoric in the following ways:

Metaphors

Storytelling

Personal anecdotes, for example.

The World Wildlife Fund advertising is an example of pathos. They made a malformed human to represent the negative effects of global warming; this instils anxiety in those who see it, pushing them to save the environment by investing in renewable energy sources, for example.

Logos

Logos is a Greek word that signifies "reason," "opinion," or "pleasure." This persuasion technique is based on logic. Data, statistics, facts, logic, and incontrovertible facts are utilised to persuade audiences using logos.

The use of logos is an example of when an author of a literary work makes assertions about something and backs them up with data or graphs.

Ethos

This rhetorical method aids readers in determining the credibility of an author's literary works. Ethos also allows the audience to assess an author's credibility on a given topic. The author's expertise, prowess, and ethical competence in a certain area determine credibility. According to the Rhetoric book, ethos comes in three forms: eunoia (the perception that the author has the audience's best interests at heart, or goodwill toward the audience), arete (moral virtue, excellence), and phronesis (the perception that the author has the audience's best interests at heart) (wisdom, prudence).

Consider when you see a celebrity promoting a product.

Topics in Rhetorical Analysis

It is critical for a student to select an intriguing topic in order to produce an amazing rhetorical analysis essay. We'll go through a few pointers for selecting a topic that will captivate your audience.

Concentrate on what you're passionate about: Choosing a topic that you're passionate about is critical to creating an effective paper. Many students make a major blunder by choosing topics that are relevant to current events and appear promising, but are unrelated to their personal interests. Writing a rhetorical essay might be awful and tough if you take this strategy. If you choose a topic that fascinates you, the writing process might become pleasurable and simple.

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Select a topic based on your familiarity with the subject: Selecting a topic on which you are well-versed is the first step toward efficiently writing your paper. When you choose a topic that is truly foreign to you, you are more likely to feel overwhelmed before beginning to write the essay. Remember that the paper demands you to study the author's writing style in depth, which is why picking a topic that is relevant to your knowledge is critical.

Make sure you perform background research: Before you choose a topic, make sure you do some preliminary study to see whether it offers a wealth of material that can aid you in your research and writing. To begin, write down a few things that interest you and are relevant to your knowledge. After that, you can conduct background study on each of them to see which one best suits your interests, expertise, and research and analytical potential. You can underline the essential points of the themes while performing your background research; this will come in handy when writing your analysis essay.

Inquire with your instructor for more information and advice: If you and your classmates can't agree on a topic, you can seek help from your instructor after brainstorming ideas and conducting background research. This can be accomplished by giving a list of potential topics to the instructor, who will then direct you to the most appropriate topic.

These pointers can assist you in selecting an appropriate research topic. A list of rhetorical analysis topics is provided below:

Topics for Rhetorical Analysis Essays that are Simple

O'Henry's "The Lottery"

Symbolism in Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" Jane Austen's work

The "I Have a Dream" Speech by Martin Luther King Jr.

O'Henry's "Witches Loaves"

Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird"

Themes that Run Through "Alice's Adventures In Wonderland"

Sarah Orne Jewett's "A White Heron"

Amy Poehler's "Yes Please"

F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby."

Laura Hillenbrand's novel "Unbroken"

Primary Themes in Chuck Palahniuk's "Fight Club"

High School Rhetorical Analysis Essay Topics

Toni Morrison's "Beloved"

Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown"

The Use of Symbolism in Virginia Woolf's "The Waves"

Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman"

Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour"

Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales"

Henrik Ibsen's main idea in "An Enemy of the People"

Themes in Agatha Christie's "And Then There Were None"

Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein"

In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, there is a lot of symbolism.

“My Happiness Philosophy” is a collection of quotes from people who have lived happy lives. Sam Berns's speech

Netflix's Data Engineers - An Interview with Kevin Wylie

This is the second instalment of our "Data Engineers of Netflix" series, in which our very own data engineers discuss their paths to Data Engineering at Netflix.

Kevin Wylie works on the Content Data Science and Engineering team as a Data Engineer. Kevin discusses his considerable expertise in content analytics at Netflix, which he joined more than a decade ago.

Kevin grew raised in the Washington, DC, region and graduated from Virginia Tech with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. Prior to joining Netflix, he worked at MySpace, where he assisted in the implementation of page categorization, pathing analysis, and sessionization, among other features. In his spare time, he enjoys gardening and sports with his four children.

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Ozark, Breaking Bad, Black Mirror, Barry, and Chernobyl are some of his favourite television shows.

My favourite project since joining Netflix in 2011 has been creating and building the first version of our entertainment knowledge graph. The knowledge graph aided us in comprehending the trends in film, television, talent, and literature. Constructing the knowledge graph presented numerous intriguing technical difficulties, including entity resolution (e.g., are these two movie titles in different languages truly identical?) and distributed graph algorithms in Spark. Following the product's introduction, analysts and scientists began unearthing previously concealed discoveries that were obscured by difficult-to-use data. The combination of overcoming technical obstacles and opening up new avenues for research was extremely satisfying.

What drew you to data engineering, Kevin?

I fell into data engineering by accident rather than making a deliberate career change. I began my career as an application developer with a working knowledge of SQL. I was later employed into my first fully data-related position, which allowed me to further develop my expertise of big data. Following that, I joined MySpace as a data engineer during its heyday and got my first experience of internet-scale data warehousing.

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What keeps me interested and enjoying data engineering is outfitting analytics engineers and data scientists with supersuits and adrenaline shots.

By simplifying something complex or by providing a safe space for my stakeholders to explore, investigate, and test, I enable them to undertake more impactful business-facing work. I like that data engineering is not the centre of attention, but rather can assist downstream analytics specialists in achieving economies of scale.

What drew you to Netflix in the first place?

My wife discovered the Netflix job posting in an effort to keep us close to her twin sister's family in Los Angeles. As a large data engineer, I discovered a plenty of potential in the Bay Area, but fewer chances in Los Angeles, where we were based at the time. Thus, the opportunity to work at Netflix was intriguing not only because it allowed me to live closer to family, but also because it provided the kind of data scale that Bay Area corporations were known for.

To begin, the organisation intrigued me, but I had no idea about the talent, culture, or leadership's mission. For years, I had been a satisfied subscriber to Netflix's DVD-rental service (no late fees!).

Following the interview, it became evident to me that this workplace culture was unlike any other I had encountered.

I was particularly taken by the trust they placed in each individual. Speaking with coworkers gave me insight into the types of people Netflix hires. The interview panel's humility, curiosity, and business acumen pushed me to join.

I was also intrigued by the potential of performing analytics on films and television shows, which was an interest of mine outside of work. It felt fortunate that the analytics field in which I'd be working aligned so well with my hobbies and interests!